Maps Covering the Africa Region
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Map Creator:
Erin A.S. Crabb
Data Sources: Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map broadly outlines a series of migration paths as described by Bellwood (2006). He states that the hypothesis best supported by current linguistic and archaeological research is that the proto-Austronesians migrated out of mainland China around 4000 BC and across the Taiwan Strait into Taiwan. From there, they migrated south through the Philippines, resulting in the formation of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Over time, they continued to migrate further east and west, and advancements in maritime technology allowed the Austronesians to spread out across the Pacific and Indian oceans, reaching such far-flung locations as Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian (Bellwood 2006). This hypothesis is challenged by emerging genetics research, such as Li et al. (2008).
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Southeast Asia: Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Data Sources: Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map broadly outlines a series of migration paths as described by Bellwood (2006). He states that the hypothesis best supported by current linguistic and archaeological research is that the proto-Austronesians migrated out of mainland China around 4000 BC and across the Taiwan Strait into Taiwan. From there, they migrated south through the Philippines, resulting in the formation of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Over time, they continued to migrate further east and west, and advancements in maritime technology allowed the Austronesians to spread out across the Pacific and Indian oceans, reaching such far-flung locations as Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian (Bellwood 2006). This hypothesis is challenged by emerging genetics research, such as Li et al. (2008).
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Southeast Asia: Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
A New Hypothesis of Austronesian Expansion and Cultural Contact
A New Hypothesis of Austronesian Expansion and Cultural Contact
Map Creator:
Erin A.S. Crabb
Data Sources:
Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Delfin, Frederick, Jazelyn M Salvador, Gayvelline C Calacal, Henry B Perdigon, Kristina A Tabbada, Lilian P Villamor, Saturnina C Halos, Ellen Gunnarsdottir, Sean Myles, David A Hughes, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Matthew E Hurles, Mark Stoneking and Maria Corazon A De Ungria. 2010. The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups. European Journal of Human Genetics. Macmillan Publishers. 1-7.
Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Li, Hui, Bo Wen, Shu-Juo Chen, Bing Su, Patcharin Pramoonjago, Yangfan Liu, Shangling Pan, Zhendong Qin, Wenhong Liu, Xu Cheng, Ningning Yang, Xin Li, Dinhbinh Tran, Daru Lu, Mu-Tsu Hsu, Ranjan Deka, Sangkot Marzuki, Chia-Chen Tan and Li Jin. 2008. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 146.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science 326: 1541-1545.
Contact: smith.erin52gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
Reflected upon this map is a new hypothesis of Austronesian expansion, based upon research in linguistics, archaeology and human genetics. The majority of current studies agree that Taiwanese peoples are related both genetically and linguistically to Austronesians now living in southeast Asia and the Pacific, and many sources agree that they probably arrived on the island from mainland China around 6000 years ago. From this point, however, linguistic and genetic hypotheses have converged: historical linguists and archaeologists have so far supported a model in which Austronesians migrated south through the Philippines to what is now Indonesia, spreading east and west from there. Geneticists, however, have found that many Austronesian populations are more closely related to their mainland Asian ancestors than they are to the Taiwanese, in effect making the Taiwan aboriginal peoples and the Austronesians parallel branches from the same tree.
Also included here are several genetic and archaeological hypotheses of cultural contact and migration, including Blench's (2010) proposal of contact with the Indian subcontinent and Delfin et al.'s (2010) genetic relations with several Australian aboriginal groups.
Rather than viewing Austronesian expansion as a series of straightforward migrations, it seems more and more necessary to delve more deeply into the history and culture of the peoples and the area in order to better reconstruct their history. As further research is undertaken, more of these details will come to light, allowing interdisciplinary scholars to continue improving on what seems to be a solid foundational understanding of the region and its linguistic and genetic history.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
The Express Train Model of Austronesian Expansion (Gray and Jordan)
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Philippine Settlement, Migrations and Contact
Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Data Sources:
Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Delfin, Frederick, Jazelyn M Salvador, Gayvelline C Calacal, Henry B Perdigon, Kristina A Tabbada, Lilian P Villamor, Saturnina C Halos, Ellen Gunnarsdottir, Sean Myles, David A Hughes, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Matthew E Hurles, Mark Stoneking and Maria Corazon A De Ungria. 2010. The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups. European Journal of Human Genetics. Macmillan Publishers. 1-7.
Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Li, Hui, Bo Wen, Shu-Juo Chen, Bing Su, Patcharin Pramoonjago, Yangfan Liu, Shangling Pan, Zhendong Qin, Wenhong Liu, Xu Cheng, Ningning Yang, Xin Li, Dinhbinh Tran, Daru Lu, Mu-Tsu Hsu, Ranjan Deka, Sangkot Marzuki, Chia-Chen Tan and Li Jin. 2008. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 146.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science 326: 1541-1545.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
Reflected upon this map is a new hypothesis of Austronesian expansion, based upon research in linguistics, archaeology and human genetics. The majority of current studies agree that Taiwanese peoples are related both genetically and linguistically to Austronesians now living in southeast Asia and the Pacific, and many sources agree that they probably arrived on the island from mainland China around 6000 years ago. From this point, however, linguistic and genetic hypotheses have converged: historical linguists and archaeologists have so far supported a model in which Austronesians migrated south through the Philippines to what is now Indonesia, spreading east and west from there. Geneticists, however, have found that many Austronesian populations are more closely related to their mainland Asian ancestors than they are to the Taiwanese, in effect making the Taiwan aboriginal peoples and the Austronesians parallel branches from the same tree.
Also included here are several genetic and archaeological hypotheses of cultural contact and migration, including Blench's (2010) proposal of contact with the Indian subcontinent and Delfin et al.'s (2010) genetic relations with several Australian aboriginal groups.
Rather than viewing Austronesian expansion as a series of straightforward migrations, it seems more and more necessary to delve more deeply into the history and culture of the peoples and the area in order to better reconstruct their history. As further research is undertaken, more of these details will come to light, allowing interdisciplinary scholars to continue improving on what seems to be a solid foundational understanding of the region and its linguistic and genetic history.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
The Express Train Model of Austronesian Expansion (Gray and Jordan)
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Philippine Settlement, Migrations and Contact
Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Advancement of Food-Producing Economies Accompanying Khoikhoi and Bantu Migrations (Newman)
Advancement of Food-Producing Economies Accompanying Khoikhoi and Bantu Migrations
Map Creator:
James L. Newman
Source: The Peopling of Africa. 1995. New Haven: Yale University Press: p. 186.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
This map highlights the geographic features and peoples that influenced the development of southern Africa. The Khoikhoi herders and Bantu cultivators migrated along the route shown, forcing the San to shift a little farther north. Despite this displacement, these groups coexisted for some time, until the arrival of European settlers pressured them to move north again. With this reversal of directions, the Europeans created a wave of migration; the resulting clashes between the Europeans and the Bantu and multiple Bantu groups affected populations as far north as Tanzania (Newman 1995: 184-186).
Source: The Peopling of Africa. 1995. New Haven: Yale University Press: p. 186.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
This map highlights the geographic features and peoples that influenced the development of southern Africa. The Khoikhoi herders and Bantu cultivators migrated along the route shown, forcing the San to shift a little farther north. Despite this displacement, these groups coexisted for some time, until the arrival of European settlers pressured them to move north again. With this reversal of directions, the Europeans created a wave of migration; the resulting clashes between the Europeans and the Bantu and multiple Bantu groups affected populations as far north as Tanzania (Newman 1995: 184-186).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Africa Before the Agricultural Age (Ehret)
Proposed Early Lands of Afrasan, Middle Nile, Khoisan, and Niger-Congo Traditions
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 37.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Outlined on this map are the locations that Ehret hypothesizes gave rise to the Afrasan, Middle Nile, Khoisan and Niger-Congo traditions. In his book, he describes how each area affected the development of these ancient cultures as well as some of their differences, citing examples such as the Afrasan reliance on wild grass collection for food, and Middle Nile tendency to hunt large game and fish.
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 37.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Outlined on this map are the locations that Ehret hypothesizes gave rise to the Afrasan, Middle Nile, Khoisan and Niger-Congo traditions. In his book, he describes how each area affected the development of these ancient cultures as well as some of their differences, citing examples such as the Afrasan reliance on wild grass collection for food, and Middle Nile tendency to hunt large game and fish.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Agriculture ca. 3500 BCE (Ehret)
African Agriculture Circa 3500 B.C.E.
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 87.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This illustrates Ehret's hypothesis regarding the state of agricultural development in Africa circa 3500 B.C.E. The main changes that Ehret points out occur within two particular groups, although all were expanding. As the Cushitic peoples spread west, they began absorbing many former Omotic groups into their societies. Further across the continent, the West African planting agricultural tradition continued spreading to the belt of western rainforest near the Atlantic coast.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 87.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This illustrates Ehret's hypothesis regarding the state of agricultural development in Africa circa 3500 B.C.E. The main changes that Ehret points out occur within two particular groups, although all were expanding. As the Cushitic peoples spread west, they began absorbing many former Omotic groups into their societies. Further across the continent, the West African planting agricultural tradition continued spreading to the belt of western rainforest near the Atlantic coast.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Agriculture ca. 5500 BCE (Ehret)
African Agriculture ca. 5500 BCE
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the state and distribution of agricultural practices in Africa circa 5500 BCE. The Omotic culture was slowly being absorbed by expanding Cushitic agripastoralists, while Middle Eastern pastoralists were spreading through the Arabian peninsula to parts of Asia and Europe. The map African Agriculture ca. 3500 BCE further illustrates Ehret's historical hypothesis regarding the distribution of techniques and peoples in the northern half of the continent (Ehret).
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the state and distribution of agricultural practices in Africa circa 5500 BCE. The Omotic culture was slowly being absorbed by expanding Cushitic agripastoralists, while Middle Eastern pastoralists were spreading through the Arabian peninsula to parts of Asia and Europe. The map African Agriculture ca. 3500 BCE further illustrates Ehret's historical hypothesis regarding the distribution of techniques and peoples in the northern half of the continent (Ehret).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Civilizations ca. 9000-6700 BCE (Ehret)
African Civilizations, 9000-6700 B.C.E.
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 63.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the locations of African civilizations between 9000 and 6700 B.C.E. Despite the widespread nature of the group, Ehret has refrained from outlining the BaTwa (often known as "pygmies" in European languages) homeland, although it seems that their general location has remained relatively steady through to the modern age.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 63.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the locations of African civilizations between 9000 and 6700 B.C.E. Despite the widespread nature of the group, Ehret has refrained from outlining the BaTwa (often known as "pygmies" in European languages) homeland, although it seems that their general location has remained relatively steady through to the modern age.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Climate and Vegetation 16000-11000 BCE (Ehret)
African Climate and Vegetation from 16,000 BCE to 11,000 BCE
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. P. 32.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map illustrates African climate and vegetation from 16,000 BCE to 11,000 BCE.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map illustrates African climate and vegetation from 16,000 BCE to 11,000 BCE.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Climate and Vegetation After 2000 BCE (Ehret)
African Climate and Vegetation After 2,000 BCE
Source:
The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 108.
Map Description:
As shown by Ehret, this map illustrates climate and vegetation patterns in Africa after 2,000 BCE.
Map Description:
As shown by Ehret, this map illustrates climate and vegetation patterns in Africa after 2,000 BCE.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Climate and Vegetation from 9000 to 6700 BCE (Ehret)
African Climate and Vegetation from 9000 to 6700 BCE
Source:
The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. P. 32.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the changes in African climate and vegetation between 9,000 and 6,700 BCE as shown by Ehret.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the changes in African climate and vegetation between 9,000 and 6,700 BCE as shown by Ehret.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Ethnic Groups (Public Content)
Ethnic Groups of Africa
Source: Africa Ethnic Groups
Data Source: Murdock, G. P. 1959. Africa, Its Peoples and Their Culture History. McGraw Hill.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: This work is in the public domain in the United States under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
Date Downloaded: 1996
Map Description:
This map displays the ethnic groups of Africa as researched by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in 1996. Areas with large populations of two or more major ethnic groups have been represented with one feature being superimposed over the other as represented by the Shared Areas layer.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Data Source: Murdock, G. P. 1959. Africa, Its Peoples and Their Culture History. McGraw Hill.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: This work is in the public domain in the United States under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
Date Downloaded: 1996
Map Description:
This map displays the ethnic groups of Africa as researched by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in 1996. Areas with large populations of two or more major ethnic groups have been represented with one feature being superimposed over the other as represented by the Shared Areas layer.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
African Genetic Populations (Newman)
African Genetic Types in the Late Stone Age
Map Creator: James L. Newman
Source: The Peopling of Africa. 1995. New Haven: Yale University Press: 37.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
This map shows four regional genetic populations from which virtually all Africans descended. According to Newman, these populations had formed by the close of the late Stone Age. In addition to finding capoid remains in conjunction with the Nachikufan and Wilton industries, archeologists have also unearthed thirty three skeletons in Southern Zambia. In the Northern region of Africa, skeletal remains demonstrate that Cro-Magnon precursors to modern Mediterranean causaoids inhabited the area from the Lower Nile into the Maghrib. Although skeletons of tall negroids are few, those that exist exihibit characteristics of the sedentarizing lakeside and riverside peoples of the Sahara, the Sahel, the Middle Nile and Eastern Africa. No one has yet discovered definitive Late Stone Age pygmoid skeletons; however, surviving groups have often been described as exhibiting "ultra-African" genetic characteristics of antiquity, dating as far back as 20,000 years.
Source: The Peopling of Africa. 1995. New Haven: Yale University Press: 37.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
This map shows four regional genetic populations from which virtually all Africans descended. According to Newman, these populations had formed by the close of the late Stone Age. In addition to finding capoid remains in conjunction with the Nachikufan and Wilton industries, archeologists have also unearthed thirty three skeletons in Southern Zambia. In the Northern region of Africa, skeletal remains demonstrate that Cro-Magnon precursors to modern Mediterranean causaoids inhabited the area from the Lower Nile into the Maghrib. Although skeletons of tall negroids are few, those that exist exihibit characteristics of the sedentarizing lakeside and riverside peoples of the Sahara, the Sahel, the Middle Nile and Eastern Africa. No one has yet discovered definitive Late Stone Age pygmoid skeletons; however, surviving groups have often been described as exhibiting "ultra-African" genetic characteristics of antiquity, dating as far back as 20,000 years.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Austronesia: Austronesian Language Zones (Bellwood)
Austronesian Language Zones
Source:
Bellword, Peter. 2000. Formosan Prehistory and Austronesian Dispersal. Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright 2009 Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Date Downloaded: May-2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the distribution of the Austronesian language family and major subgroupings (Bellwood).
Note: This map contains data on both sides of the 180th Parallel. Because of constraints on the base map, maps like this will not automatically zoom properly, and part of the data (specifically the line to the east) does not show up. This creates serious display problems, and we recommend that viewers consult the original map before using this LLMAP map.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright 2009 Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Date Downloaded: May-2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the distribution of the Austronesian language family and major subgroupings (Bellwood).
Note: This map contains data on both sides of the 180th Parallel. Because of constraints on the base map, maps like this will not automatically zoom properly, and part of the data (specifically the line to the east) does not show up. This creates serious display problems, and we recommend that viewers consult the original map before using this LLMAP map.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Austronesian Area: Austronesian Language Families
Austronesian Language Zones
Source:
Bellword, Peter. 2000. Formosan Prehistory and Austronesian Dispersal. Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright 2009 Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Date Downloaded: May 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the distribution of the Austronesian language family and major subgroupings (Bellwood).
Note: This map contains data on both sides of the 180th Parallel. Because of constraints on the base map, maps like this will not automatically zoom properly, and part of the data (specifically the line to the east) does not show up. This creates serious display problems, and we recommend that viewers consult the original map before using this LLMAP map.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright 2009 Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Date Downloaded: May 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the distribution of the Austronesian language family and major subgroupings (Bellwood).
Note: This map contains data on both sides of the 180th Parallel. Because of constraints on the base map, maps like this will not automatically zoom properly, and part of the data (specifically the line to the east) does not show up. This creates serious display problems, and we recommend that viewers consult the original map before using this LLMAP map.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Austronesian Migrations
Source:
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Date Digitized: 12 April 2011.
Map Description:
Shown here are migration routes for Austronesian-language speakers which resulted in the settlement of permanent populations. Each path has been labeled according to the estimated date that it was taken, as determined through linguistic, archaeological and ecological research. According to Cribb, the first Austronesians arrived in Taiwan around 4500 BC and from there progressed south before spreading outward (Cribb 2010). This hypothesis differs from the one currently supported by genetic research, as shown in maps such as those listed in Other Resources below.
Other Resources:
Southeast Asia: Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Philippines: Philippine Settlement, Migration and Contact
Date Digitized: 12 April 2011.
Map Description:
Shown here are migration routes for Austronesian-language speakers which resulted in the settlement of permanent populations. Each path has been labeled according to the estimated date that it was taken, as determined through linguistic, archaeological and ecological research. According to Cribb, the first Austronesians arrived in Taiwan around 4500 BC and from there progressed south before spreading outward (Cribb 2010). This hypothesis differs from the one currently supported by genetic research, as shown in maps such as those listed in Other Resources below.
Other Resources:
Southeast Asia: Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Philippines: Philippine Settlement, Migration and Contact
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Map Creator:
Erin Smith
Data Sources: Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Remapping the Austronesian Expansion.
Contact: erinlinguistlist.org
Date Created: 20 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map presents a series of hypothesized migration routes undertaken by Austronesian language speakers stretching back as far as 6000 BP. In his festschrift, "Remapping the Austronesian Expansion", Blench discusses the need to diversify the areas of the world examined in Austronesian studies, and each of the paths represented here are indicative of areas where possible (or documented) links have been established through archaeological, linguistic or biological research (Blench). In the feature info pane for each of the more controversial figures, a brief note has been added regarding the manner of the evidence that Blench cites. As he states, further study should be taken on in order to verify or invalidate these claims.
Data Sources: Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Remapping the Austronesian Expansion.
Contact: erin
linguistlist.org
Date Created: 20 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map presents a series of hypothesized migration routes undertaken by Austronesian language speakers stretching back as far as 6000 BP. In his festschrift, "Remapping the Austronesian Expansion", Blench discusses the need to diversify the areas of the world examined in Austronesian studies, and each of the paths represented here are indicative of areas where possible (or documented) links have been established through archaeological, linguistic or biological research (Blench). In the feature info pane for each of the more controversial figures, a brief note has been added regarding the manner of the evidence that Blench cites. As he states, further study should be taken on in order to verify or invalidate these claims.
Bantu Colonization the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 169.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. Bantu advancement, as shown on this map, disrupted the groups that had already settled in these areas and continued until the seventeenth century. The displacement of the previous inhabitants was not complete, however; two Khoisan groups (the Hadza and the Sandawe) along with some Southern Cushites remained in Tanzania (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. Bantu advancement, as shown on this map, disrupted the groups that had already settled in these areas and continued until the seventeenth century. The displacement of the previous inhabitants was not complete, however; two Khoisan groups (the Hadza and the Sandawe) along with some Southern Cushites remained in Tanzania (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Bantu Origins and Dispersals (Newman)
Bantu Origins and Dispersals
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 141.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map primarily illustrates Bantu origins and dispersals. It also shows the expansion patterns of both the Central Sudanic and Ubangian people. Newman suggests two reasons for some Bantu moving eastward: 1) food-producing sites might have been lacking and/or 2) the Bantu were moving due to the expansion of Ubangian peoples.
Newman also talks about how expansions affected one another positively. For example, Ubangians learned about grain cultivation from Central Sudanic farmers along their northern boundary, enabling them to colonize both moist and dry woodland habitats. They reached their maximum geographic range 2,000 years ago.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map primarily illustrates Bantu origins and dispersals. It also shows the expansion patterns of both the Central Sudanic and Ubangian people. Newman suggests two reasons for some Bantu moving eastward: 1) food-producing sites might have been lacking and/or 2) the Bantu were moving due to the expansion of Ubangian peoples.
Newman also talks about how expansions affected one another positively. For example, Ubangians learned about grain cultivation from Central Sudanic farmers along their northern boundary, enabling them to colonize both moist and dry woodland habitats. They reached their maximum geographic range 2,000 years ago.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Bantu: Approximate Area of Bantu Nasal Harmony (Greenberg)
Approximate Area of Bantu Nasal Harmony
Source: Greenberg, Joseph Harold. "Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages." Revue Congolaise, vol. 8. Pp. 813-820.
Map Description:
This work outlines the region of southern Africa where Bantu languages are spoken, and highlights the area where these languages make use of nasal harmony, a phenomenon in which some affixes have alternative forms to use when the root contains a nasal sound. In the case of the Bantu languages, it can be observed with either a nasalized vowel or a consonant. Greenberg uses this map to support his hypothesis regarding whether or not this may have been a trait inherited from Proto-Bantu or if it was introduced in another way (Greenberg). Outside of Africa, this form of harmony is heard in many other languages, including Guaraní and Aguaruna.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Breton: Language Extent (Haywood)
Extent of Breton
Source:
Haywood, John. 2001. Atlas of the Celtic World. Thames & Hudson. ISBN-10: 0500051097
Map Description:
This map presents the eastern border of Breton in the year 800 AD, and in the 17th century.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Breton: Breton Place-names (Haywood)
Map Description:
This map presents the eastern border of Breton in the year 800 AD, and in the 17th century.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Breton: Breton Place-names (Haywood)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Bush and Kwadi Languages (Westphal)
Bush and Kwadi Languages
Source:
Westphal, E.O.J. 1963. The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush and Kwadi Languages. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 33 (3). 263.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the location of several 'Bush' languages and the approximate area in which they are spoken in Southern Africa.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the location of several 'Bush' languages and the approximate area in which they are spoken in Southern Africa.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Celtic: Breton Place Names
Breton Place-names
Source:
Haywood, John. Atlas of the Celtic World. 2001. Thames & Hudson. ISBN-10: 0500051097
Map Description:
This map presents areas in France where Breton affixes appear in place-names. Specifically, it maps areas with the main concentration of place-names with the suffix -ac, and the prefixes plou-, guic-, tre-, lan-.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Celtic: Celtic Place-names (Haywood)
Breton: Language Extent (Haywood)
Map Description:
This map presents areas in France where Breton affixes appear in place-names. Specifically, it maps areas with the main concentration of place-names with the suffix -ac, and the prefixes plou-, guic-, tre-, lan-.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Celtic: Celtic Place-names (Haywood)
Breton: Language Extent (Haywood)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Celtic: Speaker Distribution in 1991 (Haywood)
Celtic: Speaker Distribution in 1991
Source:
Haywood, John. Atlas of the Celtic World. 2001. Thames & Hudson. ISBN-10: 0500051097
Project Description:
This map presents the distribution of Celtic-speaking populations in 1991. It also maps areas where Celtic is being revitalized.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Celtic: Celtic Migration (Haywood)
Celtic: Celtic Migration 6th c. BC-2nd c. BC (Haywood)
Scottish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution in 1881 (Haywood)
Irish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution by County (GaelSaoire)
Irish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution in the 20th c.(Public Content)
Project Description:
This map presents the distribution of Celtic-speaking populations in 1991. It also maps areas where Celtic is being revitalized.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Celtic: Celtic Migration (Haywood)
Celtic: Celtic Migration 6th c. BC-2nd c. BC (Haywood)
Scottish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution in 1881 (Haywood)
Irish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution by County (GaelSaoire)
Irish Gaelic: Speaker Distribution in the 20th c.(Public Content)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Congo: Languages in the Epena district
Languages in the Epena district of Congo
Map Creator:
LINGUIST List (Susanne Vejdemo)
Data Source: Gardner, William L. 2006. Language Use in the Epena District of Northern Congo. SIL Electronic Survey Report.
The National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
Descoings, B. 1969. Phytogeography of Congo. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer: Bondy, France)
Contact: linguistlinguistlist.org, susanneling.su.se
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: August 2009
Map Description:
This map shows the distribution of languages in the Epena district in the Likouala Region of the People's Republic of the Congo, for the places and languages mentioned in Gardner (2006) that were possible to find coordinates for in the National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online database.
The Gardner (2006) paper is based on two language surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989.
The map also contains vegetation data from shapefiles assembled at the the University of Maryland (based on Descoings 1969).
Data Source: Gardner, William L. 2006. Language Use in the Epena District of Northern Congo. SIL Electronic Survey Report.
The National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
Descoings, B. 1969. Phytogeography of Congo. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer: Bondy, France)
Contact: linguist
linguistlist.org, susanneling.su.se
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: August 2009
Map Description:
This map shows the distribution of languages in the Epena district in the Likouala Region of the People's Republic of the Congo, for the places and languages mentioned in Gardner (2006) that were possible to find coordinates for in the National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online database.
The Gardner (2006) paper is based on two language surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989.
The map also contains vegetation data from shapefiles assembled at the the University of Maryland (based on Descoings 1969).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
Cushitic, Omotic: The Spread of Cushitic and Omotic (Newman)
The Spread of Cushitic and Omotic
Source: Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 53.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map outlines the early years of Cushitic spreading and some of the resulting diversity. In his book, Newman discusses how changes in agriculture lead to the diversification of Cushitic. Central Cushitic developed among grain cultivators and herders, and when groups migrated south into Tanzania and Kenya, their language became what is now known as southern Cushitic. Northern Cushitic was located predominantly in the arid lowlands, while the eastern branch was located in the southern rift valleys. He argues that ensete cultivators, which had once been thought to speak "western Cushitic", were most likely Omotic speakers.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map outlines the early years of Cushitic spreading and some of the resulting diversity. In his book, Newman discusses how changes in agriculture lead to the diversification of Cushitic. Central Cushitic developed among grain cultivators and herders, and when groups migrated south into Tanzania and Kenya, their language became what is now known as southern Cushitic. Northern Cushitic was located predominantly in the arid lowlands, while the eastern branch was located in the southern rift valleys. He argues that ensete cultivators, which had once been thought to speak "western Cushitic", were most likely Omotic speakers.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Cushitic: Cushitic Groupings (Bender)
Cushitic Groupings
Source:
M. Lionel Bender (ed.). 1976. The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Easting Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 90.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the suggested Cushitic groupings in Ethiopia around the 3rd millennium B.C. It shows the location of several groups which would later develop into many of today's modern Cushitic populations (Bender 1976).
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the suggested Cushitic groupings in Ethiopia around the 3rd millennium B.C. It shows the location of several groups which would later develop into many of today's modern Cushitic populations (Bender 1976).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Difaqane - Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Difaqane - Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana peoples in Response to Military Incursion
Source:
G. T. Nurse, J. S. Weiner, and Trefor Jenkins. The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. 1985. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 74.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the main routes of dispersal of Sotho/Tswana peoples during the Difaqane (1815-1840). This name is the word in Lesotho which refers to the same event as the Mfecane. During this period, the Zulu/Mtetwa state system rose in power and began military expansion. Consolidation was common for most groups, although some fled (see the Kololo migration route) and others chose to reciprocate military action, resulting in the circular path of the Taung of Mentatisi (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the main routes of dispersal of Sotho/Tswana peoples during the Difaqane (1815-1840). This name is the word in Lesotho which refers to the same event as the Mfecane. During this period, the Zulu/Mtetwa state system rose in power and began military expansion. Consolidation was common for most groups, although some fled (see the Kololo migration route) and others chose to reciprocate military action, resulting in the circular path of the Taung of Mentatisi (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD
Source: Ehret, Christopher. Southern Nilotic History. 1971. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 49.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
During the first half of the first millenium A.D., the Southern Nilotes gradually replaced the Southern Cushites as the dominant group in the outlined area of Africa. Over the centuries, one tribe of Nilotes became those now known as the Kalenjin. Christopher Ehret states that their presence is evident in the Southern Nilotic loanwords which remain in Bantu and Eastern Nilotic languages, as well as Tepeth and Yaaku. These Kalenjin ancestors came to control much of what is now Kenya and the plains of central Uganda, and their contact with Cushites and other groups has resulted in their language being rich with loanwords, especially in areas such as agriculture.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
The Kalenjin ca. 1000-1500 AD (Ehret)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
During the first half of the first millenium A.D., the Southern Nilotes gradually replaced the Southern Cushites as the dominant group in the outlined area of Africa. Over the centuries, one tribe of Nilotes became those now known as the Kalenjin. Christopher Ehret states that their presence is evident in the Southern Nilotic loanwords which remain in Bantu and Eastern Nilotic languages, as well as Tepeth and Yaaku. These Kalenjin ancestors came to control much of what is now Kenya and the plains of central Uganda, and their contact with Cushites and other groups has resulted in their language being rich with loanwords, especially in areas such as agriculture.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
The Kalenjin ca. 1000-1500 AD (Ehret)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
East African Community Member Countries (Public Content)
East African Community Member Countries
Source:
Wikipedia
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: 17 May 2007
Map Description:
This map outlines those countries which are a part of the East African Community (EAC), which is an intergovernmental organization seeking to promote growth and unity among those countries. The EAC is one of the supporting pillars of the African Economic Community.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: 17 May 2007
Map Description:
This map outlines those countries which are a part of the East African Community (EAC), which is an intergovernmental organization seeking to promote growth and unity among those countries. The EAC is one of the supporting pillars of the African Economic Community.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic
Map Creator:
James L. Newman
Source: 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 167.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. This map shows the earliest migrations through the area. They began with the Southern Cushites approximately 5,000 years ago; around 1000 BC, the Eastern Cushites made their way south. One of the Eastern Cushite groups, the Baz, gave the Southern Nilotes livestock-raising techniques adapted to semi-arid conditions along with several cultural practices, such as a prohibition against eating fish (Newman).
Other resources related to this project:
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Source: 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 167.
Date Created: 1995
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. This map shows the earliest migrations through the area. They began with the Southern Cushites approximately 5,000 years ago; around 1000 BC, the Eastern Cushites made their way south. One of the Eastern Cushite groups, the Baz, gave the Southern Nilotes livestock-raising techniques adapted to semi-arid conditions along with several cultural practices, such as a prohibition against eating fish (Newman).
Other resources related to this project:
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Economic Community of West African States (Public Content)
Economic Community of West African States
Source:
Wikimedia
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: 17 May 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the 15 countries which are a part of the Economic Community of West African States, which is a pillar of the African Economic Community. The organization was founded in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos in order to promote economic integration within Africa. It functions in three coequal languages: French, Portuguese and English.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: 17 May 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the 15 countries which are a part of the Economic Community of West African States, which is a pillar of the African Economic Community. The organization was founded in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos in order to promote economic integration within Africa. It functions in three coequal languages: French, Portuguese and English.
Please note that the classification presented does not reflect current scholarly consensus.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Francophone Africa (Public Content)
Francophone African Countries
Source:
Wikimedia.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Gnu Free Documentation License.
Date Created: 17 August 2007
Map Description:
This map highlights the countries in Africa that are considered francophone (French-speaking). Many of them are former colonies or territories of France or Belgium, while some of them were simply trading partners. Today, more than 20 countries use French as an administrative or official language. Some of those include Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Gabon, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, and Togo (Wikipedia: the French language).
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Gnu Free Documentation License.
Date Created: 17 August 2007
Map Description:
This map highlights the countries in Africa that are considered francophone (French-speaking). Many of them are former colonies or territories of France or Belgium, while some of them were simply trading partners. Today, more than 20 countries use French as an administrative or official language. Some of those include Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Gabon, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, and Togo (Wikipedia: the French language).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
French: Languages of France (Lexilogos)
Language Map of France
Source: Lexilogos
Date Downloaded: 2008
Map Description:
This map presents dialectal variation in modern France. Overlapping colors represent bilingual areas.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Gaul: Ancient Languages (Feitscherg)
The Languages of Ancient Gaul
Source: Wikimedia
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Wikimedia Commons, GNU Free Documentation License
Date Digitized: 23 October 2008
Map Description:
This is a map showing the languages spoken in the Gaul (largely modern France) around 100 BC.
Editor's Note:
The map is based firstly on the map listed in the map credits, and secondly on Caesar's Gallic Wars. Thus, since Caesar comments that the Eburones and Nervii were Germanic yet were part of the Celtic Belgae confederation, the area where they were situated is shown as a mixed Germanic and Gaulish area.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Germanic: The Spread of Germanic (Putzger, Historische Atlas, and other sources)
The Spread of Germanic
Sources: (1) Pre Migration Age Germanic ; (2) Expansión de las Pueblos Germánicos
Data Source: Material for source (1) above was derived from Putzger, F. W. 1954. Historischer Atlas, p. 24.
Date Downloaded: 26 Oct 2008
Description:
This map is a collection of information from two sources. The polygons and tribes of Europe south of the Baltic sea were derived largely from source (2) above. The polygons and tribes in Scandinavia were derived largely from source (1) above. The location of the Gothic tribe around 300 BC was also derived from source (1).
Note: This map is based upon georeferenced image data. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Greek, Ancient: Dialects (Cambridge Encyclopedia)
Ancient Greek Dialects
Source: Woodard, Roger (ed). 2004. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Buck, C.D. 2008. The Greek Dialects. Duckworth Press. Wikipedia
Date Downloaded: 10 October 2008
Description:
This map is an attempt to collect in one place all information available on the geographic location of the dialects of Classical Greek. It includes only areas where colonization was extensive, and does not show many smaller settlements. Since no one map included all the regions shown here, the map is an amalgamation of material from a number of different source, of which the The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient languages is primary.
Note: This map is based upon georeferenced image data. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
HIV/AIDS in Africa (Public Content)
HIV/AIDS in Africa
Source: Wikimedia
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Gnu Free Documentation License.
Date Created: 2004
Map Description:
Labelled on this map are the percentages of people from each African country that carry the HIV or AIDS virus. For those countries labeled "unavailable", there was no information.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Iberia: Iberian Languages of the Ancient World (Fraga)
The Languages of Ancient Iberia
Source: Carta etnológica dos povos pré-romanos da Península Ibérica (200 a.C.)
Date Downloaded: 16 October 2008
Map Description:
This is a map showing the languages spoken in the Iberian peninsular before the expansion of Latin.
Note:
The map shows the language data which was extracted from the referenced source, but small emendations and extensions have been made. For example, the area where Aquitanian was spoken extended well into southern France, and this is shown in the map.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 171.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. As he states in his book, the most influential migrations were those of the Eastern Nilotes. Despite the characterization of their encounters with other cultures as hostile and often violent, it was more common for groups to be gradually displaced or absorbed, with some maintaining independence and coexisting. Such was the case with the Southern Cushites, who were displaced over time, and the Kalenjins, who were assimilated into Bantu society (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. As he states in his book, the most influential migrations were those of the Eastern Nilotes. Despite the characterization of their encounters with other cultures as hostile and often violent, it was more common for groups to be gradually displaced or absorbed, with some maintaining independence and coexisting. Such was the case with the Southern Cushites, who were displaced over time, and the Kalenjins, who were assimilated into Bantu society (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Kibet and Runga in Chad (Mbernodji and Wolf)
Kibet and Runga in Chad
Source: Wolf, Katharina and Mbernodji. 2008. "Une enquête sociolinguistique des parlers Kibet, Rounga, Daggal et Mourro du Tchad rapport technique." SIL International.
Date Digitized: June 2008
Map Description:
Sur cette carte, l'emplacement des Kibet et Rounga au Tchad sont accentués. Les deux langues sont du même groupe, et elles sont très semblables.
On this map, the locations of Kibet and Runga in Chad are highlighted. The two languages are from the same group, and they are very similar.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Linguistic Differentiation among Bantu Groups in Southern Africa (Newman)
Linguistic Differentiation Among Bantu Groups in Southern Africa ca. 1500
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 188.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
On this map, large language groups in southern Africa circa 1500 are shown, along with the names of some of the different groups that comprised them. Archaeological evidence from the cities located on the map indicate that throughout this period trade and conquest had resulted in most groups becoming acquainted with Europeans (especially the Portuguese), and these foreign contacts greatly influenced the fate of most of these language group-states; for example, European trade with the Khoikhoi resulted in the decline of the Herero state, and colonial tactics of turning groups against one another saw to the fall of several other important powers (Newman 1995: 186-188).
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
On this map, large language groups in southern Africa circa 1500 are shown, along with the names of some of the different groups that comprised them. Archaeological evidence from the cities located on the map indicate that throughout this period trade and conquest had resulted in most groups becoming acquainted with Europeans (especially the Portuguese), and these foreign contacts greatly influenced the fate of most of these language group-states; for example, European trade with the Khoikhoi resulted in the decline of the Herero state, and colonial tactics of turning groups against one another saw to the fall of several other important powers (Newman 1995: 186-188).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Madagascar
South Pacific: Madagascar
Data Source: Tryon, Darrell. 2007. Borneo and Madagascar. Atlas of the World's Languages, ed. by R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley, 152. Oxford: Routledge.
"Austronesian: Composite". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: September 2011
Map Description:
The national language of Madagascar is Malagasy, a Malayo-Polynesian language, in the Austronesian language family. This polygon shows Malagasy as a single language. Others (i.e. Ethnologue) treat Malagasy as a cluster of 13 languages. Madagascar is the western most island on which Austronesian languages are spoken.
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
South Pacific: Vanuatu & New Caledonia
South Pacific: The Philippines
South Pacific: Borneo
South Pacific: Solomon Islands & Bouganville
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
Madagascar: Merina (Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar)
The Merina Dialect of Malagasy
Source: Adelaar, Alexander and Himmelmann, Nikolaus P (eds.). 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, 457. New York: Routledge.
Map Description:
This map displays the Merina dialect of Malagasy, spoken in the highland areas of Madagascar.
Map Description:
This map displays the Merina dialect of Malagasy, spoken in the highland areas of Madagascar.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Mfecane - Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Mfecane - Diffusion of Nguni peoples in response to military incursion
Source:
G. T. Nurse, J. S. Weiner, and Trefor Jenkins. 1985. The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 73.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the main routes of dispersal of Nguni peoples during the Mfecane (1815-1840). This Zulu name of the period can be loosely translated as "the crushing" or "the scattering", and is an apt description for what the Nguni peoples did. It came to pass primarily due to the military pressure from the rising Zulu/Mtetwa militarist state system, the consolidation of the Swati and the defeat of the Ndwandwe military power. (Note: although lines may intersect, the groups may not have actually met. The exception to this is the Maseko Ngoni, who fought with Shoshangane's people, the Jele Ngoni, the Rowzi and the Kololo/Lozi.) (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the main routes of dispersal of Nguni peoples during the Mfecane (1815-1840). This Zulu name of the period can be loosely translated as "the crushing" or "the scattering", and is an apt description for what the Nguni peoples did. It came to pass primarily due to the military pressure from the rising Zulu/Mtetwa militarist state system, the consolidation of the Swati and the defeat of the Ndwandwe military power. (Note: although lines may intersect, the groups may not have actually met. The exception to this is the Maseko Ngoni, who fought with Shoshangane's people, the Jele Ngoni, the Rowzi and the Kololo/Lozi.) (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Modern Distribution of the Dadog (Ehret)
Modern Distribution of the Dadog
Source:
Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the location of the Dadog tribes as well as neighboring communities. The Dadog people consists of several subtribes who often speak their own dialects of the Dadog language. The largest of the subtribes is the Barabaig, numbering around 15,000 people.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the location of the Dadog tribes as well as neighboring communities. The Dadog people consists of several subtribes who often speak their own dialects of the Dadog language. The largest of the subtribes is the Barabaig, numbering around 15,000 people.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Modern Distribution of the Kalenjin (Ehret)
Modern Distribution of the Kalenjin
Source:
Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
The Kalenjin people are Southern Nilotes who mainly reside in western Kenya, though their settlements also extend into Uganda just north of Mount Elgon. This map shows their distribution. While Kony, Pok, Bongomek, and Sabiny live around Mount Elgon, Nandi, Kipsigis, Terik, Keyo, Tuken, and Marakwet live in the highlands south and southeast of Mount Elgon. The Kalenjin people are mostly herders and cultivators and number about a million.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
The Kalenjin people are Southern Nilotes who mainly reside in western Kenya, though their settlements also extend into Uganda just north of Mount Elgon. This map shows their distribution. While Kony, Pok, Bongomek, and Sabiny live around Mount Elgon, Nandi, Kipsigis, Terik, Keyo, Tuken, and Marakwet live in the highlands south and southeast of Mount Elgon. The Kalenjin people are mostly herders and cultivators and number about a million.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Disruptions and Movement Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 175.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. During the nineteenth century, two major events brought change once again to east Africa: the arrival of the Ngoni and the growth of the trade industries from the coast. The Ngoni fought their way north, and many peoples fled, were destroyed or were assimilated; some stood their ground, however, and the constant turmoil that resulted prevented population increases for the rest of the century. By contrast, the steadily improving trade markets encouraged expansion. Arab-Swahili, Kamba and Yao traders connected the interior of the continent with the coast (Newman 1995: 175). However, during this era, no states as prosperous or powerful as those in the interlacustrine region would arise (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations(Newman)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. During the nineteenth century, two major events brought change once again to east Africa: the arrival of the Ngoni and the growth of the trade industries from the coast. The Ngoni fought their way north, and many peoples fled, were destroyed or were assimilated; some stood their ground, however, and the constant turmoil that resulted prevented population increases for the rest of the century. By contrast, the steadily improving trade markets encouraged expansion. Arab-Swahili, Kamba and Yao traders connected the interior of the continent with the coast (Newman 1995: 175). However, during this era, no states as prosperous or powerful as those in the interlacustrine region would arise (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands(Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations(Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Nilo-Saharan Dispersal (Blench)
Nilo-Saharan Dispersal
Source:
Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This maps illustrates the dispersal of Nilo-Saharan languages between 18.000 BP and 2.000 BP. With the gradual migration of groups, the language family split into many different languages and is now one of the four main groupings found in Africa today.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This maps illustrates the dispersal of Nilo-Saharan languages between 18.000 BP and 2.000 BP. With the gradual migration of groups, the language family split into many different languages and is now one of the four main groupings found in Africa today.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View
original image(s)to see the unaltered map(s).
North Africa: Berber in Northern Africa
Berber in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Berber languages are spoken today. Berber speaking areas have been diminished by the expansion of Arabic-speaking groups over time and are now mostly found along the west and north coasts of Africa, with a few exceptions, the most notable being the Touareg (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Berber languages are spoken today. Berber speaking areas have been diminished by the expansion of Arabic-speaking groups over time and are now mostly found along the west and north coasts of Africa, with a few exceptions, the most notable being the Touareg (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Chadic in Northern Africa
Chadic in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where two of the many Chadic languages are spoken today in northern Africa (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Cushitic in Northern Africa
Cushitic in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Cushitic languages are spoken today. Although there are many languages within the group, only Somali has status as an official language of a country (Somalia). Most of the languages are relatively small, being spoken by anywhere between several hundred and several thousand people (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Niger-Congo in Northern Africa
Niger-Congo in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Niger-Congo: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where some Niger-Congo languages are spoken today in northern Africa. The languages shown are only a few of this family's members, which cover most of Africa south of the Saharan desert (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
"Niger-Congo: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where some Niger-Congo languages are spoken today in northern Africa. The languages shown are only a few of this family's members, which cover most of Africa south of the Saharan desert (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Nilo-Saharan in Northern Africa
Nilo-Saharan in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Nilo-Saharan: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken today. Ranging from Egypt and the White Nile to Uganda and Sudan, Irvine and Appleyard (2007) estimate that there are approximately 90 distinct living languages and dialect clusters. This number varies widely, however, and as further research is done and the complexity of the classification system of the family increases, more languages are being discovered (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
"Nilo-Saharan: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken today. Ranging from Egypt and the White Nile to Uganda and Sudan, Irvine and Appleyard (2007) estimate that there are approximately 90 distinct living languages and dialect clusters. This number varies widely, however, and as further research is done and the complexity of the classification system of the family increases, more languages are being discovered (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Omotic in Northern Africa
Omotic in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Omotic languages are spoken today. Although study of this subgroup is still in the early stages and many remain unwritten, this relatively small area maintains a strong speaker population. Many of the languages share a very similar vocabulary with neighboring Cushitic languages, and were formally classified under this subgroup (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
North Africa: Semitic in Northern Africa
Semitic in Northern Africa
Data Source:
Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Semitic languages are spoken in northern Africa today. According to Irvine and Appleyard (2007), "it is estimated that over 200 million people speak one or another of the many and varied forms of dialect Arabic," which accounts for a large percentage of the featured section of the continent inhabited by Semitic speakers. Because of the immense variation within dialect areas, some sections of this map have been labeled to indicate that there is a group of language variations in a continuum, sharing a particular shaded area (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
"Afro-Asiatic: Composite 2010". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: May 2011.
Map Description:
The areas pictured display locations of where Semitic languages are spoken in northern Africa today. According to Irvine and Appleyard (2007), "it is estimated that over 200 million people speak one or another of the many and varied forms of dialect Arabic," which accounts for a large percentage of the featured section of the continent inhabited by Semitic speakers. Because of the immense variation within dialect areas, some sections of this map have been labeled to indicate that there is a group of language variations in a continuum, sharing a particular shaded area (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This folder (Northern African Languages) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
Origin and Spread of Agriculture Associated with Language Families South of the Sahara and West of Ethiopia (Newman)
Origin and Spread of Agriculture Associated with with Language Families South of the Sahara and West of Ethiopia
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 56.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
Since developments correspond with the distribution of the Late Stone Age aquatic tradition, Newman says we are able to assume that the early Nilosaharan agricultural communities were scattered in a bandlike pattern immediately south of the desert.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Advancement of Food-Producing Economies Accompanying Khoikhoi and Bantu Migrations (Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Bantu Origins and Dispersals (Newman)
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Linguistic Differentiation among Bantu Groups in Southern Africa ca. 1500 (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Origin and Spread of Agriculture Associated with Language Families South of the Sahara and West of Ethiopia (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa 1200-1800 AD (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa 500-1000 AD (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa ca. 1000 BC (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa ca. 1800 AD (Newman)
Rising and Falling Empires in Western Sudan (Newman)
The Arab Advance (Newman)
The Migrations and Emirates of Fulbe (Newman)
The Spread of Cushitic and Omotic (Newman)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
Since developments correspond with the distribution of the Late Stone Age aquatic tradition, Newman says we are able to assume that the early Nilosaharan agricultural communities were scattered in a bandlike pattern immediately south of the desert.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Advancement of Food-Producing Economies Accompanying Khoikhoi and Bantu Migrations (Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Bantu Origins and Dispersals (Newman)
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Linguistic Differentiation among Bantu Groups in Southern Africa ca. 1500 (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Origin and Spread of Agriculture Associated with Language Families South of the Sahara and West of Ethiopia (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa 1200-1800 AD (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa 500-1000 AD (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa ca. 1000 BC (Newman)
Speakers in the Interlacustrine Region of Eastern Africa ca. 1800 AD (Newman)
Rising and Falling Empires in Western Sudan (Newman)
The Arab Advance (Newman)
The Migrations and Emirates of Fulbe (Newman)
The Spread of Cushitic and Omotic (Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in Africa ca. 100 CE (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in Africa, ca. 100 CE
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays important groups, empires and cities in Africa circa 100 CE according to Christopher Ehret. As shown, the Roman Empire controlled a vast territory along the northern coast and the Nile river. Roman expansion and trade facilitated the transmission of new technologies throughout the continent, especially ironworking. Other major cultural changes were occurring as well; Christianity began spreading throughout Northern Africa and Aksum was one of the first major kingdoms to convert around 200 years later.
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays important groups, empires and cities in Africa circa 100 CE according to Christopher Ehret. As shown, the Roman Empire controlled a vast territory along the northern coast and the Nile river. Roman expansion and trade facilitated the transmission of new technologies throughout the continent, especially ironworking. Other major cultural changes were occurring as well; Christianity began spreading throughout Northern Africa and Aksum was one of the first major kingdoms to convert around 200 years later.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in northern Africa ca. 1340 (Ehret)
Peoples, States and Cities in the Northern Half of Africa, ca. 1340
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and their locations in northern Africa circa 1340. Around this time, Islamic expansion was well underway and a very important aspect of culture in the Songay and Mali empires. The extension of Muslim communities stimulated trade and encouraged further growth.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and their locations in northern Africa circa 1340. Around this time, Islamic expansion was well underway and a very important aspect of culture in the Songay and Mali empires. The extension of Muslim communities stimulated trade and encouraged further growth.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in northern Africa ca. 1550 (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in the northern half of Africa, ca. 1550
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Shown here are important kingdoms, groups and cities in northern Africa around 1550. Important details of the period include the fate of the large Songay Empire, the expansion of the kingdom of Morocco and European colonization. The Songay Empire suffered from internal political turmoil and degenerated into civil war in the 1580s as it collapsed. Meanwhile, the kingdom of Morocco was growing in power, and steady trade with Europeans provided them with superior weapons, allowing them to expand further as they conquered former Songay lands. European colonial powers vied for forts and trade agreements along the Atlantic coast, although large settlements were rare (Ehret).
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Shown here are important kingdoms, groups and cities in northern Africa around 1550. Important details of the period include the fate of the large Songay Empire, the expansion of the kingdom of Morocco and European colonization. The Songay Empire suffered from internal political turmoil and degenerated into civil war in the 1580s as it collapsed. Meanwhile, the kingdom of Morocco was growing in power, and steady trade with Europeans provided them with superior weapons, allowing them to expand further as they conquered former Songay lands. European colonial powers vied for forts and trade agreements along the Atlantic coast, although large settlements were rare (Ehret).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in northern Africa ca. 1750-1775 (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in the northern half of Africa, ca. 1750-1775
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map outlines several of the important African kingdoms and empires, as well as groups of people, in northern Africa circa 1750-1770 (Ehret). During this time, European influence on the continent was widespread; trade and conquest were flourishing under the colonial powers. In the east, Ottoman Empire power was beginning to fail in Egypt, and many of the Arab groups that had once been under their rule broke away. Along the Atlantic coast, many of those involved with European trade prospered, especially Morocco.
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map outlines several of the important African kingdoms and empires, as well as groups of people, in northern Africa circa 1750-1770 (Ehret). During this time, European influence on the continent was widespread; trade and conquest were flourishing under the colonial powers. In the east, Ottoman Empire power was beginning to fail in Egypt, and many of the Arab groups that had once been under their rule broke away. Along the Atlantic coast, many of those involved with European trade prospered, especially Morocco.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in northern Africa ca. 850-875 (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in the northern half of Africa, ca. 850-875
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in northern Africa around 850-875. To name a few of the important events of this period, Islamic settlement and continued expansion under differing Caliphates influenced much of the north of the continent, even spreading into modern-day Spain and Portugal. At the edge of the African continent, the Abbasid Caliphate was deeply involved in several wars, including those against the Byzantine and Omayyad Empires.
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in northern Africa around 850-875. To name a few of the important events of this period, Islamic settlement and continued expansion under differing Caliphates influenced much of the north of the continent, even spreading into modern-day Spain and Portugal. At the edge of the African continent, the Abbasid Caliphate was deeply involved in several wars, including those against the Byzantine and Omayyad Empires.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in southern Africa ca. 1400 (Ehret)
Peoples, Cities and States in the Southern Half of Africa ca. 1400
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays cities, kingdoms and peoples in southern Africa circa 1400. The territories of many of the smaller groups are uncertain, and hence have not been outlined. These, along with several of the kingdoms pictured, continued expanding their borders and developing the southern half of Africa as Europeans began their explorations of the continent (Ehret). Peoples are indicated by white lettering on the map, states by polygons.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays cities, kingdoms and peoples in southern Africa circa 1400. The territories of many of the smaller groups are uncertain, and hence have not been outlined. These, along with several of the kingdoms pictured, continued expanding their borders and developing the southern half of Africa as Europeans began their explorations of the continent (Ehret). Peoples are indicated by white lettering on the map, states by polygons.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in southern Africa ca. 1550 (Ehret)
Peoples, Cities and States in the Southern Half of Africa ca. 1550
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays cities, kingdoms and peoples in southern Africa circa 1550 as shown by Christopher Ehret. During this period, the Portuguese slave trade had begun rapid expansion, and rival European powers had begun colonization in an attempt to begin their own competing stations. Trade routes shifted due to the new influence, and many of the great savannah states began to decline in importance while those on the coasts flourished.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays cities, kingdoms and peoples in southern Africa circa 1550 as shown by Christopher Ehret. During this period, the Portuguese slave trade had begun rapid expansion, and rival European powers had begun colonization in an attempt to begin their own competing stations. Trade routes shifted due to the new influence, and many of the great savannah states began to decline in importance while those on the coasts flourished.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, Cities and States in southern Africa ca. 1775 (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in the southern half of Africa, ca. 1725-1775
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 430.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in southern Africa from 1725-1775, including European colonies and African empires. At this time, the European slave trade was in full swing. Some African groups still resisted European colonization, and it was not long after this period that the first successful slave rebellion occurred in what is now Haiti, resulting in the formation of that country.
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 430.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in southern Africa from 1725-1775, including European colonies and African empires. At this time, the European slave trade was in full swing. Some African groups still resisted European colonization, and it was not long after this period that the first successful slave rebellion occurred in what is now Haiti, resulting in the formation of that country.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Peoples, States and Cities in southern Africa from 1725-1775 (Ehret)
Peoples, states and cities in the southern half of Africa, ca. 1725-1775
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 430.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in southern Africa from 1725-1775, including European colonies and African empires. At this time, the European slave trade was in full swing. Some African groups still resisted European colonization, and it was not long after this period that the first successful slave rebellion occurred in what is now Haiti, resulting in the formation of that country.
Source: 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 430.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
This map displays the important groups and locations in southern Africa from 1725-1775, including European colonies and African empires. At this time, the European slave trade was in full swing. Some African groups still resisted European colonization, and it was not long after this period that the first successful slave rebellion occurred in what is now Haiti, resulting in the formation of that country.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Phoenician and Punic (Cambridge Encyclopedia)
Phoenician and Punic
Source:
Woodard, Roger (ed). 2004. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Italic Languages/Lenguas Itálicas
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Iberian Languages
Date Created: 10 Oct 2008
Description:
This map is an attempt to collect in one place all information available on the geographic location of Phoenician and its Carthaginian offshoot Punic. It includes only areas where colonization was extensive, and does not include many smaller trading settlements.
Editor's Note:
Since no one map included all the regions shown here, the map is an amalgamation of material from a number of different sources. The map referenced is one of them.
Date Created: 10 Oct 2008
Description:
This map is an attempt to collect in one place all information available on the geographic location of Phoenician and its Carthaginian offshoot Punic. It includes only areas where colonization was extensive, and does not include many smaller trading settlements.
Editor's Note:
Since no one map included all the regions shown here, the map is an amalgamation of material from a number of different sources. The map referenced is one of them.
Note: This map is based upon georeferenced image data. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Pygmoid/Twa Populations (Blench)
Pygmoid/Twa Populations
Map Creator: Roger Blench
Source: 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press. 175.
Date Created: 2006
Map Description:
The shaded regions of this map outline areas of scattered Pygmoid and Twa populations. These groups often dwell in rainforest or remote swamp areas, and many speak Bantu languages. Roger Blench cites Serge Bahuchet who argues that they may have once spoken a language unique from those of their surrounding groups, but that over time, they absorbed the surrounding languages due to the relationships formed with the incoming Bantu cultivators. This information is part of a larger work which describes the history and current status of various language groups throughout the continent in order to reconstruct the African past.
Source: 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press. 175.
Date Created: 2006
Map Description:
The shaded regions of this map outline areas of scattered Pygmoid and Twa populations. These groups often dwell in rainforest or remote swamp areas, and many speak Bantu languages. Roger Blench cites Serge Bahuchet who argues that they may have once spoken a language unique from those of their surrounding groups, but that over time, they absorbed the surrounding languages due to the relationships formed with the incoming Bantu cultivators. This information is part of a larger work which describes the history and current status of various language groups throughout the continent in order to reconstruct the African past.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Routes and Entrepots of Commerce (Ehret)
Routes and Entrepots of Commerce during the Last Millenium BCE
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Outlined on this map are popular trade routes and centers frequented during the last thousand years BCE during the Commercial Revolution (Ehret). Trade naturally provided economic opportunities; additionally, it stimulated the growth of populations, the spread of languages and cultures, and the exchange of new technologies. This complex circuit was one of the means of travel which transferred knowledge of ironworking from Anatolia (present-day Turkey) across Europe, the Middle East and parts of Africa.
Source: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. 2002. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
Outlined on this map are popular trade routes and centers frequented during the last thousand years BCE during the Commercial Revolution (Ehret). Trade naturally provided economic opportunities; additionally, it stimulated the growth of populations, the spread of languages and cultures, and the exchange of new technologies. This complex circuit was one of the means of travel which transferred knowledge of ironworking from Anatolia (present-day Turkey) across Europe, the Middle East and parts of Africa.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
San Populations: Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now
Map Creators:
G. T. Nurse, J. S. Weiner, Trefor Jenkins
Source: The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. 1985. Clarendon Press. p. 105.
Date Created: 1985
Map Description:
Each section of this map represents postulated locations of San populations, which are divided according to time period. The points indicate archeological sites where skeletal remains belonging to the San have been discovered and identified. This demonstrates the gradual condensing of the population over time due to a variety of factors. The San are a diverse group currently located in southern Africa, also known as "Bushmen", although this term is seen as racist and sexist. Their society was traditionally a hunter-gatherer one, however this is slowly changing now with some governments enforcing modernization programs aimed at integrating the San with the more popular cultures of their areas (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Source: The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. 1985. Clarendon Press. p. 105.
Date Created: 1985
Map Description:
Each section of this map represents postulated locations of San populations, which are divided according to time period. The points indicate archeological sites where skeletal remains belonging to the San have been discovered and identified. This demonstrates the gradual condensing of the population over time due to a variety of factors. The San are a diverse group currently located in southern Africa, also known as "Bushmen", although this term is seen as racist and sexist. Their society was traditionally a hunter-gatherer one, however this is slowly changing now with some governments enforcing modernization programs aimed at integrating the San with the more popular cultures of their areas (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Senufo Languages (Public Content)
Senufo Language Area
Source: Wikimedia
Data Source:
Carlson, Robert (1994) A Grammar of Suppyire. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Garber, Anne (1987) A Tonal Analysis of Senufo: Sucite Dialect (Gur; Burkina Faso). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Illinois.
SIL language maps of Ghana, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, and Mali
Date Downloaded: February 7 2005
Note: The maps with different individual Senufo languages highlighted may be found at their respective webpages: Karaboro Mamara Nafaanra Nanerige Palaka Supyire
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Some Common Languages in West Africa (Sahel and West Africa Club)
Some Common Languages in West Africa
Source:
Sahel and West Africa Club. 2006. The Web Atlas on Regional Integration in West Africa. Economic Community Of West Africa States-Sahel and West Africa Club.
Date Downloaded: 2006
Map Description:
Shown here are several of the most common languages found in West Africa and Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) member countries. Most languages are spoken in only one country, but those shown here are those with greater regional scope and populations. All those shown except Gbe are considered lingua franca (ECOWAS-SWAC).
Date Downloaded: 2006
Map Description:
Shown here are several of the most common languages found in West Africa and Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) member countries. Most languages are spoken in only one country, but those shown here are those with greater regional scope and populations. All those shown except Gbe are considered lingua franca (ECOWAS-SWAC).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
South Africa: Language Distribution (Public Content)
Language Distribution in South Africa
Source:
Wikimedia World Atlas
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Wikimedia Commons
Date Downloaded: 10 December 2006
Map Description:
Maps of five major South African languages, showing provinces in which each language is spoken as a home language by a significant proportion of the population.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Wikimedia Commons
Date Downloaded: 10 December 2006
Map Description:
Maps of five major South African languages, showing provinces in which each language is spoken as a home language by a significant proportion of the population.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands (Newman)
Southern Nilotic Speakers Seeking the Kenyan Highlands
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 168.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. This map shows the movement of the Southern Nilotes that occurred around 500 BC. They shared space with the Southern Cushites for quite some time, before the arrival of the Bantu, which drastically altered the interior of Africa (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
According to James L. Newman, the interior of East Africa is one of the most complex ethnolinguistic regions on the continent, due to the continuous movement of groups, including Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu peoples. This map shows the movement of the Southern Nilotes that occurred around 500 BC. They shared space with the Southern Cushites for quite some time, before the arrival of the Bantu, which drastically altered the interior of Africa (Newman).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Eastern and Southern Cushites Introduce Food-Producing Economies to the Interior Mosaic (Newman)
Bantu Colonization of the Interior Mosiac of Africa (Newman)
Influential Eastern Nilotic Migrations (Newman)
Ngoni, Kamba, Arab-Swahili, and Yao Movements, Migrations, and Trade Routes Within the Interior Mosiac (Newman)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Arab Advance (Newman)
The Arab Advance
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 78.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
Illustrated on this map, migration paths of several important groups, Arab and otherwise, are shown in relation to ethnic groups, cities and important military victories. In his discussion of the process by which Arabization took place, Newman emphasizes the diffusion of Arab culture from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas and the speed with which this occurred; Arabic replaced Greek and Coptic for writing and speaking in less than 300 years. This is not to suggest that Islam spread at a similar pace, however. It was not until the Fatamid dynasty that considerable pressure and threat of economic loss was used to encourage conversion (Newman 1995: 77-80).
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
Illustrated on this map, migration paths of several important groups, Arab and otherwise, are shown in relation to ethnic groups, cities and important military victories. In his discussion of the process by which Arabization took place, Newman emphasizes the diffusion of Arab culture from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas and the speed with which this occurred; Arabic replaced Greek and Coptic for writing and speaking in less than 300 years. This is not to suggest that Islam spread at a similar pace, however. It was not until the Fatamid dynasty that considerable pressure and threat of economic loss was used to encourage conversion (Newman 1995: 77-80).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Carolingian Empire in Northern France (10th Century)
The Carolingian Empire in Northern France
Source: Batey, Colleen; Helen Clarke; R.I. Page; and Neil S. Price. 1994. Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. Oxfordshire, England: Andromeda Oxford Limited.
Date Digitized: August 2011
Map Description:
This map shows an area of the Carolingian empire in Northern France, along the English Channel. The land granted by the Carolingians at different points in time from the years 911 to 933 are displayed, as well as sites of archaeological finds and sites with Scandinavian place-names.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
The Vikings As Traders
Viking Raids
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Countries of Dadog History
Source:
Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 57.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
In his book Southern Nilotic History, Christopher Ehret discusses a number of possible settlements and linguistic interactions of the Dadog of the Masai. He uses loanword evidence to support his hypothesis that they expanded mainly southward, eventually living as far south as central Masailand. They influenced many peoples that they encountered; the linguistic affects seen in Sonjo are particularly strong, and Ehret suggests that this may indicate that the Sonjo live in much the same way and location today as they did in the past.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
The Kalenjin from 1400-1500 AD (Ehret)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
In his book Southern Nilotic History, Christopher Ehret discusses a number of possible settlements and linguistic interactions of the Dadog of the Masai. He uses loanword evidence to support his hypothesis that they expanded mainly southward, eventually living as far south as central Masailand. They influenced many peoples that they encountered; the linguistic affects seen in Sonjo are particularly strong, and Ehret suggests that this may indicate that the Sonjo live in much the same way and location today as they did in the past.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
The Kalenjin from 1400-1500 AD (Ehret)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic
Source: Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press. 159.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the early homelands (> 10000 B.C.E and > 7500 B.C.E. respectively) of Afroasiatic as well as the homelands of the Omotic and Cushitic speakers. Surrounding the speaker locations are the migration paths the Cushitic groups took as they moved, as discussed by Roger Blench. Combined with his map entitled 'The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic', it presents a model which explains the distribution of Afroasiatic languages prior to the Arabic expansion beginning in the seventh century.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis (Blench)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the early homelands (> 10000 B.C.E and > 7500 B.C.E. respectively) of Afroasiatic as well as the homelands of the Omotic and Cushitic speakers. Surrounding the speaker locations are the migration paths the Cushitic groups took as they moved, as discussed by Roger Blench. Combined with his map entitled 'The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic', it presents a model which explains the distribution of Afroasiatic languages prior to the Arabic expansion beginning in the seventh century.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis (Blench)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Express Train to Polynesia Model (Gray and Jordan)
The Express Train to Polynesia Model
Source: Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Date Digitized: 21 April 2011
Map Description:
This map is a graphical representation of the "Express Train" model of Austronesian migration, a popular hypothesis based on archaeological and linguistic research. In their article, Gray and Jordan (2000) explain how they made use of a tree model, most commonly used in biology, to first create a language family tree. Then, using statistical analysis, they analyzed the likelihood of their proposed sequence of events (in this case, the migration patterns) occurring. Each of the circles on this map represents one of the stations compared against the language family tree. They found that the hypothesized routes fit the language tree exceptionally well, and the statistical analysis showed that, "that the express-train character-state tree fits the language tree with significantly fewer steps than would occur by chance," (Gray and Jordan 2000: 1053).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis (Blench)
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis
Source: Blench, Roger. 2006. Archeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press. 162.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the Inter-Saharan Hypothesis proposed by Roger Blench. This model emphasizes that the common agripastoral vocabulary shared by Cushitic pastoralists and Chadic speakers, along with the widespread archeological evidence of Cushitic migrations, explains their influence on the Afroasiatic language family. It differs from other postulations surrounding Afroasiatic because it focuses on east to west movement and its consequences, rather than exclusively on those which stemmed from North Africa and moved south, for which much more evidence is documented.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the Inter-Saharan Hypothesis proposed by Roger Blench. This model emphasizes that the common agripastoral vocabulary shared by Cushitic pastoralists and Chadic speakers, along with the widespread archeological evidence of Cushitic migrations, explains their influence on the Afroasiatic language family. It differs from other postulations surrounding Afroasiatic because it focuses on east to west movement and its consequences, rather than exclusively on those which stemmed from North Africa and moved south, for which much more evidence is documented.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Kalenjin from 1400-1500 AD (Ehret)
The Kalenjin ca. 1400-1500 AD
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 67.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
The division of the proto-Kalenjin community began early in the second millenium, and this separation resulted in the large dialectal variation seen among Kalenjin languages today (Ehret). Illustrated on this map are the areas which several specific proto-groups inhabited around 1400-1500. Ehret reconstructs this past by using information gained from the study of their modern descendants, including both cultural and linguistic details. An example of this investigation is his research into musical instruments; he points out that the drum, although rare among Southern Nilotic peoples, does not have a term in proto-Kalenjin that is known, and this indicates the possibility that drums were introduced to a descendant group.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
The division of the proto-Kalenjin community began early in the second millenium, and this separation resulted in the large dialectal variation seen among Kalenjin languages today (Ehret). Illustrated on this map are the areas which several specific proto-groups inhabited around 1400-1500. Ehret reconstructs this past by using information gained from the study of their modern descendants, including both cultural and linguistic details. An example of this investigation is his research into musical instruments; he points out that the drum, although rare among Southern Nilotic peoples, does not have a term in proto-Kalenjin that is known, and this indicates the possibility that drums were introduced to a descendant group.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors (Ehret)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
The Khoi as Migrants and Nomads
Map Creators:
G. T. Nurse, J. S. Weiner, Trefor Jenkins
Source: The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. 1985. Clarendon Press. p. 80.
Date Created: 1985
Map Description:
This map is a visual comparison of two theories of Khoi migration and evolution. The paths proposed by Elphick, which stem from the Kalahari desert where he postulates the people evolved, suggest that the Khoi developed among the forebears of the present "Central Bush" language speakers. In comparison with this, Cooke and Jenkins hypothesize that the group is of an east African origin (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Source: The Peoples of Southern Africa and Their Affinities. 1985. Clarendon Press. p. 80.
Date Created: 1985
Map Description:
This map is a visual comparison of two theories of Khoi migration and evolution. The paths proposed by Elphick, which stem from the Kalahari desert where he postulates the people evolved, suggest that the Khoi developed among the forebears of the present "Central Bush" language speakers. In comparison with this, Cooke and Jenkins hypothesize that the group is of an east African origin (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins, 1985).
Other resources related to this project:
Difaqane - Routes of Diffusion of Sotho/Tswana Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Mfecane - Routes of Diffusion of Nguni Peoples (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
San Populations Then and Now (Nurse, Weiner and Jenkins)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Later Dispersal of Afroasiatic
Source: Blench, Roger. 2006. Archeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham: AltaMira Press. 160.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the later locations and migrations of several African language groups, including the Semitic, Bantu, Nilotic, Berber, Afroasiatic and Chadic speakers, as discussed by Roger Blench. Combined with his map entitled "The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic", it presents a model which explains the distribution of Afroasiatic languages prior to the Arabic expansion beginning in the seventh century. Two of the languages indicated, Guanche and Elamitic, are extinct; Blench notes that the arrow marking the latter's progress is very uncertain.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis (Blench)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the later locations and migrations of several African language groups, including the Semitic, Bantu, Nilotic, Berber, Afroasiatic and Chadic speakers, as discussed by Roger Blench. Combined with his map entitled "The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic", it presents a model which explains the distribution of Afroasiatic languages prior to the Arabic expansion beginning in the seventh century. Two of the languages indicated, Guanche and Elamitic, are extinct; Blench notes that the arrow marking the latter's progress is very uncertain.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
The Early Dispersal of Afroasiatic (Blench)
The Inter-Saharan Hypothesis (Blench)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Middle East: Eastern Arabic Languages on the Arabian Peninsula and Fertile Crescent
Middle East: Eastern Arabic Languages on the Arabian Peninsula and Fertile Crescent
Source:
The LINGUIST List
"North Afroasiatic, Subtree of Afroasiatic: Asher & Moseley, 2007".
The LINGUIST List MultiTree Language Database
Data Source: Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa." In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages. 294. Oxford: Routledge.
Date Digitized: June 2011
Map Description:
The areas pictured on this map display locations where languages from the Eastern Arabic subgroup of Afro-Asiatic are spoken today on the Arabian peninsula and fertile crescent, providing information regarding individual languages and dialects. This includes language communities, many of which are located around the prominent cities in the area.
This subgroup includes the largest number of languages spoken in this area and can be divided into smaller groups as displayed on this map.
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
This folder (The Middle East and Arabian Peninsula) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Data Source: Irvine, A. K. and David Appleyard. 2007. "The Middle East and North Africa." In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages. 294. Oxford: Routledge.
Date Digitized: June 2011
Map Description:
The areas pictured on this map display locations where languages from the Eastern Arabic subgroup of Afro-Asiatic are spoken today on the Arabian peninsula and fertile crescent, providing information regarding individual languages and dialects. This includes language communities, many of which are located around the prominent cities in the area.
This subgroup includes the largest number of languages spoken in this area and can be divided into smaller groups as displayed on this map.
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
This folder (The Middle East and Arabian Peninsula) contains other maps showing linguistic subgroups. The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
The Migrations and Emirates of Fulbe (Newman)
The Migrations and Emirates of Fulbe
Source:
Newman, James L. 1995. The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. 53.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the origin areas of the Fulbe people (Fulfulde speakers) and the migration paths they took. Also pictured are important cities of the times and the large civilizations which were influenced by the Fulbe group. Newman states that the original impetus for migration may have been the increasingly powerful, Islamacized Takrur. He also discusses their culture and how their movement affected government systems and other sedentary peoples (Newman 1995: 51-54).
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map displays the origin areas of the Fulbe people (Fulfulde speakers) and the migration paths they took. Also pictured are important cities of the times and the large civilizations which were influenced by the Fulbe group. Newman states that the original impetus for migration may have been the increasingly powerful, Islamacized Takrur. He also discusses their culture and how their movement affected government systems and other sedentary peoples (Newman 1995: 51-54).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Proto-Kalenjin and Their Neighbors ca. 1000 AD (Ehret)
The Proto-Kalenjin and their Neighbors
Source:
Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 65.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the approximate locations of the proto-Kalenjin people and their neighbors. These descendants of the Southern Nilotes were closely related to the Kitoki (known also as Bukusu or Yumbu), and shared many cultural as well as linguistic aspects. The proto-Kalenjin (and now, modern Kalenjin) economy was centered around grain cultivation and the raising of livestock, and their societal structure has remained relatively unchanged over the centuries (Ehret).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Kalenjin ca. 1400-1500 AD (Ehret)
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the approximate locations of the proto-Kalenjin people and their neighbors. These descendants of the Southern Nilotes were closely related to the Kitoki (known also as Bukusu or Yumbu), and shared many cultural as well as linguistic aspects. The proto-Kalenjin (and now, modern Kalenjin) economy was centered around grain cultivation and the raising of livestock, and their societal structure has remained relatively unchanged over the centuries (Ehret).
Other LL-MAP resources related to this project:
Directions of Southern Nilotic Expansion ca. 400-1000 AD (Ehret)
The Countries of Dadog History (Ehret)
The Kalenjin ca. 1400-1500 AD (Ehret)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Proto-Southern Nilotes and Their Neighbors, ca. 100-400 A.D. (Ehret)
The Proto-Southern Nilotes and Their Neighbors, ca. 100-400 A.D.
Source:
Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic History. Evanston: Northwestern Univeristy Press. 41.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the culture areas of the Proto-Southern Nilotes and their neighbors. Ehret argues that there is linguistic evidence to support the location of these communities. Since all attested Southern Nilotic languages of more northerly areas in later times show the defining sound change of proto-Southern Nilotic -- the loss of [r] before [i] in word-final syllables -- it is probable that the dialect or dialects of ancestral to proto-Southern Nilotic were spoken by people living North of the belt between Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria. Ehret claims that the numerous Southern Nilotic loanwords sugggest the Victoria pre-Southern Nilotic population lived in the areas east and southeast from Lake Victoria. Several loanswords from pre-Southern Nilotic can also be distinguished in Bantu languages.
Date Digitized: 2009
Map Description:
This map illustrates the culture areas of the Proto-Southern Nilotes and their neighbors. Ehret argues that there is linguistic evidence to support the location of these communities. Since all attested Southern Nilotic languages of more northerly areas in later times show the defining sound change of proto-Southern Nilotic -- the loss of [r] before [i] in word-final syllables -- it is probable that the dialect or dialects of ancestral to proto-Southern Nilotic were spoken by people living North of the belt between Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria. Ehret claims that the numerous Southern Nilotic loanwords sugggest the Victoria pre-Southern Nilotic population lived in the areas east and southeast from Lake Victoria. Several loanswords from pre-Southern Nilotic can also be distinguished in Bantu languages.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Spread of Crops and Animals in southern Africa (Ehret)
The Spread of New Crops and Animals in the Southern Half of Africa, 300 BCE to 300 CE
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800, 198. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Date Created: 2002
Map Description:
Pictured here are the main paths of migration taken by various crops and animals as they spread across the southern half of Africa. The labels for sorgum, finger millet and pearl millet indicate which paths these three particular grain crops took; their collection and harvesting provided support of much larger populations, and allowed group populations to grow steadily. Similarly important, the keeping of domestic animals began early in the first millenium BCE and traveled down the continent.
Please note that some details scale to the map's zoom level; zooming in will reveal more features.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The Spread of Ironworking in Africa (Ehret)
The Spread of Ironworking in Africa
Map Creator:
Christopher Ehret
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 163.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
These labels show Ehret's postulated dates regarding the transmission of ironworking practices thoughout the African continent. He cites current evidence which indicates that while ironworking undoubtedly developed in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) sometime before 1500 BCE, it must have also been discovered in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa and in the African Great Lakes region independently before 1000 BCE. Within sub-Saharan Africa, only the Horn of Africa was reached first by Middle Eastern iron technologies, due to the Commercial Revolution and the development of new long-distance trade systems.
Source: Ehret, Christopher. 2002. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 163.
Date Created: 2002.
Map Description:
These labels show Ehret's postulated dates regarding the transmission of ironworking practices thoughout the African continent. He cites current evidence which indicates that while ironworking undoubtedly developed in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) sometime before 1500 BCE, it must have also been discovered in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa and in the African Great Lakes region independently before 1000 BCE. Within sub-Saharan Africa, only the Horn of Africa was reached first by Middle Eastern iron technologies, due to the Commercial Revolution and the development of new long-distance trade systems.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
The UNESCO Database of Endangered Languages (UNESCO)
The UNESCO Database of Endangered Languages
Map Creator:
LINGUIST List (Anthony Aristar)
Data Source: Mosely Christopher. 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing, Online version. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/ (29 November 2010)
Contact: llmaplinguistlist.org
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Used by Permission
Date Created: 29 November 2010
Map Description:
UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger is a database intended to raise awareness about language endangerment and the need to safeguard the world’s linguistic diversity among policy-makers, speaker communities and the general public, and to be a tool to monitor the status of endangered languages and the trends in linguistic diversity at the global level.
Degrees of endangerment
The map designates the degrees of endangerment as based on UNESCO’s Language Vitality and Endangerment framework.
This establishes six degrees of vitality/endangerment based on nine factors. Of these factors, the most salient is that of intergenerational transmission.
Data Source: Mosely Christopher. 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing, Online version. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/ (29 November 2010)
Contact: llmap
linguistlist.org
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Used by Permission
Date Created: 29 November 2010
Map Description:
UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger is a database intended to raise awareness about language endangerment and the need to safeguard the world’s linguistic diversity among policy-makers, speaker communities and the general public, and to be a tool to monitor the status of endangered languages and the trends in linguistic diversity at the global level.
Degrees of endangerment
The map designates the degrees of endangerment as based on UNESCO’s Language Vitality and Endangerment framework.
This establishes six degrees of vitality/endangerment based on nine factors. Of these factors, the most salient is that of intergenerational transmission.
| Degree of endangerment | Intergenerational Language Transmission | safe | language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted >> not included in the map |
|---|---|
| vulnerable | most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home) |
| definitely endangered | children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home |
| severely endangered | language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves |
| critically endangered | the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently |
| extinct | there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s |
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
The Vikings As Traders
The Vikings As Traders
Source: Batey, Colleen; Helen Clarke; R.I. Page; Neil S. Price. 1994. Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. Oxfordshire, England: Andromeda Oxford Limited. 49.
Date Digitized: August 2011
Map Description:
In the Viking Age, Scandinavia was involved in extensive trading with Europe, Russia and Asia. Raw materials were exported in exchange for goods that were luxuries to the Vikings, such as honey, silk, wine, pottery and more. This map shows the trade routes as well as which specific goods were imported and exported from certain areas. Also included are linguistic groups of the areas that were doing the trading (78-100).
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Iron Age Settlement in Scandinavia
Viking Age Scandinavia
Viking Raids
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
The Vikings in Brittany
The Vikings in Brittany
Source: Batey, Colleen; Helen Clarke; R.I. Page; and Neil S. Price. 1994. Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. Oxfordshire, England: Andromeda Oxford Limited.
Date Digitized: August 2011
Map Description:
In Brittany, the Celtic population had to fight hard and frequently in order to remain independent from the nearby Carolingian empire. Additionally, Viking raids came from the same route over and over again between 819 and 914. After nearly a century of attacks, in 914, the Vikings were able to take control of the region, and lasted until 939.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Viking Raids
The Vikings As Traders
The Carolingian Empire in Northern France
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
Togo: Ginyanga-speaking communities
Ginyanga-speaking places in Togo
Map Creator(s):
Linguist List (Susanne Vejdemo)
Data Source: Diller, Jason and Kari Jordan-Diller. 2008. Ginyanga literacy development: a survey of attitudes and strategies. SIL Electronic Survey Report.
The National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
Contact: susanneling.su.se
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: August 2009
Map Description:
This map shows the Ginyanga speaking communities mentioned in Diller and Jordan-Diller (2008), that were possible to find in the National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
The whole language area is described as follows: "The Anyanga people live in the Blitta division of the central province of Togo between the Togo Mountains and the Mono River. Anyanga villages include: Agbandi, Diguina, Blitta-carrefour, Doufouli, Pagala-village, Pagala-gare (for which Diguina-Konta is an alternate name), Anamagné, Doufouli-Akora, and a very small village named Diguina (II) between Pagala-village and Pagalagare [...]
The villages previously listed are predominantly Anyanga with the exception of Tchifama, which is now mostly Adelé-speaking. Pagala-gare and Blitta-carrefour also have very mixed populations with many Ewe, Kotokoli, and Kabiyè speakers. The Anyanga are bordered by Kabiyè villages to the east and south. There are also Kabiyè villages between Diguina and Pagala-village. To the west they are bound by Adelé villages, and to the north is a forest reserve. Kotokoli and Nawdm farming communities are interspersed throughout the area." (Diller and Jordan-Diller 2008)
The Ginyanga language belongs to the Guang language family.
Data Source: Diller, Jason and Kari Jordan-Diller. 2008. Ginyanga literacy development: a survey of attitudes and strategies. SIL Electronic Survey Report.
The National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
Contact: susanne
ling.su.se
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: GNU Free Documentation License
Date Created: August 2009
Map Description:
This map shows the Ginyanga speaking communities mentioned in Diller and Jordan-Diller (2008), that were possible to find in the National Geospatial intelligence Agency's online coordinate database
The whole language area is described as follows: "The Anyanga people live in the Blitta division of the central province of Togo between the Togo Mountains and the Mono River. Anyanga villages include: Agbandi, Diguina, Blitta-carrefour, Doufouli, Pagala-village, Pagala-gare (for which Diguina-Konta is an alternate name), Anamagné, Doufouli-Akora, and a very small village named Diguina (II) between Pagala-village and Pagalagare [...]
The villages previously listed are predominantly Anyanga with the exception of Tchifama, which is now mostly Adelé-speaking. Pagala-gare and Blitta-carrefour also have very mixed populations with many Ewe, Kotokoli, and Kabiyè speakers. The Anyanga are bordered by Kabiyè villages to the east and south. There are also Kabiyè villages between Diguina and Pagala-village. To the west they are bound by Adelé villages, and to the north is a forest reserve. Kotokoli and Nawdm farming communities are interspersed throughout the area." (Diller and Jordan-Diller 2008)
The Ginyanga language belongs to the Guang language family.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.
Tuareg People (Public Content)
Tuareg People
Map Description:
This map depicts areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs (Dingemanse) live.
Source: Wikimedia Commons, created by Mark Dingemanse
Data Sources:
Basset, A. (1952) La langue berbère. Handbook of African Languages 1, ser. ed. Daryll Forde. London: Oxford University Press.
Bernus, E., Ehya Ag Sidiyene, and Edouard Le Floc'h. Des Arbres Et Des Arbustes Spontanes De L'Adrar Des Iforas (Mali): etude Ethnolinguistique Et Ethnobotanique. Bougchiche, L. (1997) Langues et litteratures berberes des origines a nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et sytematique. Paris: Ibis Press.
Lhote, H. (1984) Les Touaregs du Hoggar. Colon, Paris.
Sudlow, D. (2001) The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso: Notes on Grammar and Syntax. R. Köppe Verlag.
Zavadovskij, J.N. (1967) Berberskij jazyk, Moscow.
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Creative Commons
Date Downloaded: 26 December 2004
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Viking Raids
Viking Raids
Source: Batey, Colleen; Helen Clarke; R.I. Page; and Neil S. Price. 1994. Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. Oxfordshire, England: Andromeda Oxford Limited. 49.
Date Digitized: August 2011
Map Description:
This map displays the different political boundaries and occupied areas in Viking Age Scandinavia. Additionally, the paths of Viking raids and campaigns are shown, with sites of monasteries or settlements that were raided.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
Iron Age Settlement In Scandinavia
Viking Age Scandinavia
The Vikings as Traders
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).