Maps of Austronesian
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Map Creator:
Erin A.S. Crabb
Data Sources: Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map broadly outlines a series of migration paths as described by Bellwood (2006). He states that the hypothesis best supported by current linguistic and archaeological research is that the proto-Austronesians migrated out of mainland China around 4000 BC and across the Taiwan Strait into Taiwan. From there, they migrated south through the Philippines, resulting in the formation of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Over time, they continued to migrate further east and west, and advancements in maritime technology allowed the Austronesians to spread out across the Pacific and Indian oceans, reaching such far-flung locations as Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian (Bellwood 2006). This hypothesis is challenged by emerging genetics research, such as Li et al. (2008).
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Southeast Asia: Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Data Sources: Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map broadly outlines a series of migration paths as described by Bellwood (2006). He states that the hypothesis best supported by current linguistic and archaeological research is that the proto-Austronesians migrated out of mainland China around 4000 BC and across the Taiwan Strait into Taiwan. From there, they migrated south through the Philippines, resulting in the formation of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Over time, they continued to migrate further east and west, and advancements in maritime technology allowed the Austronesians to spread out across the Pacific and Indian oceans, reaching such far-flung locations as Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian (Bellwood 2006). This hypothesis is challenged by emerging genetics research, such as Li et al. (2008).
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Southeast Asia: Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
A New Hypothesis of Austronesian Expansion and Cultural Contact
A New Hypothesis of Austronesian Expansion and Cultural Contact
Map Creator:
Erin A.S. Crabb
Data Sources:
Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Delfin, Frederick, Jazelyn M Salvador, Gayvelline C Calacal, Henry B Perdigon, Kristina A Tabbada, Lilian P Villamor, Saturnina C Halos, Ellen Gunnarsdottir, Sean Myles, David A Hughes, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Matthew E Hurles, Mark Stoneking and Maria Corazon A De Ungria. 2010. The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups. European Journal of Human Genetics. Macmillan Publishers. 1-7.
Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Li, Hui, Bo Wen, Shu-Juo Chen, Bing Su, Patcharin Pramoonjago, Yangfan Liu, Shangling Pan, Zhendong Qin, Wenhong Liu, Xu Cheng, Ningning Yang, Xin Li, Dinhbinh Tran, Daru Lu, Mu-Tsu Hsu, Ranjan Deka, Sangkot Marzuki, Chia-Chen Tan and Li Jin. 2008. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 146.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science 326: 1541-1545.
Contact: smith.erin52gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
Reflected upon this map is a new hypothesis of Austronesian expansion, based upon research in linguistics, archaeology and human genetics. The majority of current studies agree that Taiwanese peoples are related both genetically and linguistically to Austronesians now living in southeast Asia and the Pacific, and many sources agree that they probably arrived on the island from mainland China around 6000 years ago. From this point, however, linguistic and genetic hypotheses have converged: historical linguists and archaeologists have so far supported a model in which Austronesians migrated south through the Philippines to what is now Indonesia, spreading east and west from there. Geneticists, however, have found that many Austronesian populations are more closely related to their mainland Asian ancestors than they are to the Taiwanese, in effect making the Taiwan aboriginal peoples and the Austronesians parallel branches from the same tree.
Also included here are several genetic and archaeological hypotheses of cultural contact and migration, including Blench's (2010) proposal of contact with the Indian subcontinent and Delfin et al.'s (2010) genetic relations with several Australian aboriginal groups.
Rather than viewing Austronesian expansion as a series of straightforward migrations, it seems more and more necessary to delve more deeply into the history and culture of the peoples and the area in order to better reconstruct their history. As further research is undertaken, more of these details will come to light, allowing interdisciplinary scholars to continue improving on what seems to be a solid foundational understanding of the region and its linguistic and genetic history.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
The Express Train Model of Austronesian Expansion (Gray and Jordan)
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Philippine Settlement, Migrations and Contact
Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Data Sources:
Bellwood, Peter. 2006. Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation. Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University E Press. 103-114.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Delfin, Frederick, Jazelyn M Salvador, Gayvelline C Calacal, Henry B Perdigon, Kristina A Tabbada, Lilian P Villamor, Saturnina C Halos, Ellen Gunnarsdottir, Sean Myles, David A Hughes, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Matthew E Hurles, Mark Stoneking and Maria Corazon A De Ungria. 2010. The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups. European Journal of Human Genetics. Macmillan Publishers. 1-7.
Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Li, Hui, Bo Wen, Shu-Juo Chen, Bing Su, Patcharin Pramoonjago, Yangfan Liu, Shangling Pan, Zhendong Qin, Wenhong Liu, Xu Cheng, Ningning Yang, Xin Li, Dinhbinh Tran, Daru Lu, Mu-Tsu Hsu, Ranjan Deka, Sangkot Marzuki, Chia-Chen Tan and Li Jin. 2008. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 146.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science 326: 1541-1545.
Contact: smith.erin52
gmail.com
Date Created: 21 April 2011.
Map Description:
Reflected upon this map is a new hypothesis of Austronesian expansion, based upon research in linguistics, archaeology and human genetics. The majority of current studies agree that Taiwanese peoples are related both genetically and linguistically to Austronesians now living in southeast Asia and the Pacific, and many sources agree that they probably arrived on the island from mainland China around 6000 years ago. From this point, however, linguistic and genetic hypotheses have converged: historical linguists and archaeologists have so far supported a model in which Austronesians migrated south through the Philippines to what is now Indonesia, spreading east and west from there. Geneticists, however, have found that many Austronesian populations are more closely related to their mainland Asian ancestors than they are to the Taiwanese, in effect making the Taiwan aboriginal peoples and the Austronesians parallel branches from the same tree.
Also included here are several genetic and archaeological hypotheses of cultural contact and migration, including Blench's (2010) proposal of contact with the Indian subcontinent and Delfin et al.'s (2010) genetic relations with several Australian aboriginal groups.
Rather than viewing Austronesian expansion as a series of straightforward migrations, it seems more and more necessary to delve more deeply into the history and culture of the peoples and the area in order to better reconstruct their history. As further research is undertaken, more of these details will come to light, allowing interdisciplinary scholars to continue improving on what seems to be a solid foundational understanding of the region and its linguistic and genetic history.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
The Express Train Model of Austronesian Expansion (Gray and Jordan)
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Philippine Settlement, Migrations and Contact
Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Austronesian Migrations
Source:
Cribb, Robert. 2010. Austronesian migrations. Digital Atlas of Indonesian History. Nias Press.
Date Digitized: 12 April 2011.
Map Description:
Shown here are migration routes for Austronesian-language speakers which resulted in the settlement of permanent populations. Each path has been labeled according to the estimated date that it was taken, as determined through linguistic, archaeological and ecological research. According to Cribb, the first Austronesians arrived in Taiwan around 4500 BC and from there progressed south before spreading outward (Cribb 2010). This hypothesis differs from the one currently supported by genetic research, as shown in maps such as those listed in Other Resources below.
Other Resources:
Southeast Asia: Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Philippines: Philippine Settlement, Migration and Contact
Date Digitized: 12 April 2011.
Map Description:
Shown here are migration routes for Austronesian-language speakers which resulted in the settlement of permanent populations. Each path has been labeled according to the estimated date that it was taken, as determined through linguistic, archaeological and ecological research. According to Cribb, the first Austronesians arrived in Taiwan around 4500 BC and from there progressed south before spreading outward (Cribb 2010). This hypothesis differs from the one currently supported by genetic research, as shown in maps such as those listed in Other Resources below.
Other Resources:
Southeast Asia: Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Philippines: Philippine Settlement, Migration and Contact
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Avenues for further Austronesian Expansion Research
Map Creator:
Erin Smith
Data Sources: Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Remapping the Austronesian Expansion.
Contact: erinlinguistlist.org
Date Created: 20 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map presents a series of hypothesized migration routes undertaken by Austronesian language speakers stretching back as far as 6000 BP. In his festschrift, "Remapping the Austronesian Expansion", Blench discusses the need to diversify the areas of the world examined in Austronesian studies, and each of the paths represented here are indicative of areas where possible (or documented) links have been established through archaeological, linguistic or biological research (Blench). In the feature info pane for each of the more controversial figures, a brief note has been added regarding the manner of the evidence that Blench cites. As he states, further study should be taken on in order to verify or invalidate these claims.
Data Sources: Blench, Roger. 2010. Almost everything you believed about Austronesian isn't true. 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Powerpoint.
Blench, Roger. 2010. Remapping the Austronesian Expansion.
Contact: erin
linguistlist.org
Date Created: 20 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map presents a series of hypothesized migration routes undertaken by Austronesian language speakers stretching back as far as 6000 BP. In his festschrift, "Remapping the Austronesian Expansion", Blench discusses the need to diversify the areas of the world examined in Austronesian studies, and each of the paths represented here are indicative of areas where possible (or documented) links have been established through archaeological, linguistic or biological research (Blench). In the feature info pane for each of the more controversial figures, a brief note has been added regarding the manner of the evidence that Blench cites. As he states, further study should be taken on in order to verify or invalidate these claims.
Indonesia: Geographic Spread of the Sama-Bajau languages (Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar)
Geographic Spread of the Sama-Bajau Languages
Source:
Adelaar, Alexander and Himmelmann, Nikolaus P (eds.). 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, 457. New York: Routledge.
Map Description:
Sama-Bajau speakers comprise what is arguably the most widely dispersed ethnolinguistic group indigenous to insular Southeast Asia. It is estimated that there are between 750 000 and 900 000 speakers of Sama-Bajau in Southeast Asia. Although a comprehensive survey has never been conducted in Indonesia it is estimated that Sama-Bajau speakers number between 150 000 and 230 000.
Sea-nomadic and much more numerous strand and settled Sama speakers live scattered, and in most areas interspersed with one another, over a vast maritime zone 3.25 million square kilometers in extent, stretching from eastern Palawan, Samar, and coastal Mindanao in the north, through the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines, to the northern and eastern coasts of Borneo, southward through the Straits of Makassar to Sulawesi, and from there over widely dispersed areas of eastern Indonesia (Sather 1997: 2).
Map Description:
Sama-Bajau speakers comprise what is arguably the most widely dispersed ethnolinguistic group indigenous to insular Southeast Asia. It is estimated that there are between 750 000 and 900 000 speakers of Sama-Bajau in Southeast Asia. Although a comprehensive survey has never been conducted in Indonesia it is estimated that Sama-Bajau speakers number between 150 000 and 230 000.
Sea-nomadic and much more numerous strand and settled Sama speakers live scattered, and in most areas interspersed with one another, over a vast maritime zone 3.25 million square kilometers in extent, stretching from eastern Palawan, Samar, and coastal Mindanao in the north, through the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines, to the northern and eastern coasts of Borneo, southward through the Straits of Makassar to Sulawesi, and from there over widely dispersed areas of eastern Indonesia (Sather 1997: 2).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Madagascar: Merina (Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar)
The Merina Dialect of Malagasy
Source: Adelaar, Alexander and Himmelmann, Nikolaus P (eds.). 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, 457. New York: Routledge.
Map Description:
This map displays the Merina dialect of Malagasy, spoken in the highland areas of Madagascar.
Map Description:
This map displays the Merina dialect of Malagasy, spoken in the highland areas of Madagascar.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Philippines: Philippine Settlement, Migrations and Contact
Philippine Migrations and Contacts
Data Source:
Delfin, Frederick, Jazelyn M Salvador, Gayvelline C Calacal, Henry B Perdigon, Kristina A Tabbada, Lilian P Villamor, Saturnina C Halos, Ellen Gunnarsdottir, Sean Myles, David A Hughes, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin, Oscar Lao, Manfred Kayser, Matthew E Hurles, Mark Stoneking and Maria Corazon A De Ungria. 2010. The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups. European Journal of Human Genetics. Macmillan Publishers. 1-7.
Contact: erinlinguistlist.org
Date Created: 17 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map reflects two contrasting scholarly hypotheses regarding migration paths and the settlement of the Philippines. The first hypothesis states that Austronesian migrants traveled south from Taiwan through the archipelago before continuing further south through Oceania, west to Madagascar and east toward Polynesia, Rapa Nui and Hawaii. The second, offered as an alternative by Delfin et al. (2010), states that while some groups from Taiwan clearly moved south to populate areas of the Philippines, most of the genetic affiliations observed for those living in the southern islands of the chain are shared between the majority of East Asians. This suggests that additional populations moving from East Asia are quite likely, although further analysis on more genes would be necessary to fully support the conclusion (this study focused exclusively on the Y-chromosome).
Focusing upon the Negrito populations of the Philippines in order to determine their origins, Delfin et al. (2010) provides strong evidence that Negrito and non-Negrito groups in the Philippines share ancestry and were likely part of the same migration, rather than Negrito populations being descendants of aboriginal peoples present at the time of Austronesian settlement. They also observed in their study that some of the Negrito groups studied appear to share lineage with several Australian aboriginal groups, and these connections are noted on the map.
Contact: erin
linguistlist.org Date Created: 17 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map reflects two contrasting scholarly hypotheses regarding migration paths and the settlement of the Philippines. The first hypothesis states that Austronesian migrants traveled south from Taiwan through the archipelago before continuing further south through Oceania, west to Madagascar and east toward Polynesia, Rapa Nui and Hawaii. The second, offered as an alternative by Delfin et al. (2010), states that while some groups from Taiwan clearly moved south to populate areas of the Philippines, most of the genetic affiliations observed for those living in the southern islands of the chain are shared between the majority of East Asians. This suggests that additional populations moving from East Asia are quite likely, although further analysis on more genes would be necessary to fully support the conclusion (this study focused exclusively on the Y-chromosome).
Focusing upon the Negrito populations of the Philippines in order to determine their origins, Delfin et al. (2010) provides strong evidence that Negrito and non-Negrito groups in the Philippines share ancestry and were likely part of the same migration, rather than Negrito populations being descendants of aboriginal peoples present at the time of Austronesian settlement. They also observed in their study that some of the Negrito groups studied appear to share lineage with several Australian aboriginal groups, and these connections are noted on the map.
South Pacific: Borneo
South Pacific: Borneo
Data Source:
Tryon, Darrell. 2007. Borneo and Madagascar. Atlas of the World's Languages, ed. by E. Asher and Christopher Moseley, 152. Oxford: Routledge.
"Austronesian: Composite". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: January 2012
Map Description:
This map depicts areas where indigenous languages are spoken on the island of Borneo. The island of Borneo is made up of 3 countries: Malaysia (the northern portion), Indonesia (the southern portion) and Brunei (2 areas along the northwestern coast). Languages from many subgroups of the Austronesian languages families are represented, including Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo and Sulawesi. In addition, Malagasy, the family of languages spoken on Madagascar is believed to have spread from the languages spoke in Southern Borneo.
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other LLMAP resources related to this project:
South Pacific: Madagascar
South Pacific: Polynesia
South Pacific: Micronesia
South Pacific: Indonesia (Archipelago)
South Pacific: Vanuatu & New Caledonia
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
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South-East Asia: Austric Dispersal Theory
Austric Dispersal
Source:
Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)
Data Source: Paul Jen-kuei Li. 2001. The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan. Language and Linguistics 2.1:271-278
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright protected.
Map Description:
This map illustrates the dispersal of the two branches of the Austric theory. The Austronesians moved through China along the Yangtze Jiang River and down the east coast of China between 10,000 and 6,000 BP. The Austroasiatic group moved in three different directions: west, south, and southeast. The encircled numbers denote progressively later stages in the dispersal.
Data Source: Paul Jen-kuei Li. 2001. The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan. Language and Linguistics 2.1:271-278
Usage Notes/Copyright Status: Copyright protected.
Map Description:
This map illustrates the dispersal of the two branches of the Austric theory. The Austronesians moved through China along the Yangtze Jiang River and down the east coast of China between 10,000 and 6,000 BP. The Austroasiatic group moved in three different directions: west, south, and southeast. The encircled numbers denote progressively later stages in the dispersal.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process. View original image(s) to see the unaltered map(s).
Southeast Asia: Expansions from Daic (Li et al.)
Expansions from Daic to Austronesian in Southeast Asia
Source:
Li, Hui, Bo Wen, Shu-Juo Chen, Bing Su, Patcharin Pramoonjago, Yangfan Liu, Shangling Pan, Zhendong Qin, Wenhong Liu, Xu Cheng, Ningning Yang, Xin Li, Dinhbinh Tran, Daru Lu, Mu-Tsu Hsu, Ranjan Deka, Sangkot Marzuki, Chia-Chen Tan and Li Jin. 2008. Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 146.
Date Digitized: 7 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map outlines expansion routes hypothesized by Li et al. (2008) based on genetic analysis of Y chromosome data gathered from 64 populations (30 Daic, 23 Island Southeast Asian and 11 Taiwan aboriginal). Their study found that both the Taiwan and Island Southeast Asian populations were more closely related to Daic than to one another, indicating that Daic is likely the ancestral group from which the others derived separate paternal lineages. This conclusion casts doubt upon the hypothesis put forth by many historical linguists that Austronesian populations arrived at their current locations by migrating south through Taiwan; none of the haplogroup data analysed suggests that these two populations are related more closely to one another than they are to Daic, despite the linguistic similarity observed amongst speakers. This proposal is inconsistent with current historical linguistic hypotheses, such as those shown on the maps below.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Date Digitized: 7 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map outlines expansion routes hypothesized by Li et al. (2008) based on genetic analysis of Y chromosome data gathered from 64 populations (30 Daic, 23 Island Southeast Asian and 11 Taiwan aboriginal). Their study found that both the Taiwan and Island Southeast Asian populations were more closely related to Daic than to one another, indicating that Daic is likely the ancestral group from which the others derived separate paternal lineages. This conclusion casts doubt upon the hypothesis put forth by many historical linguists that Austronesian populations arrived at their current locations by migrating south through Taiwan; none of the haplogroup data analysed suggests that these two populations are related more closely to one another than they are to Daic, despite the linguistic similarity observed amongst speakers. This proposal is inconsistent with current historical linguistic hypotheses, such as those shown on the maps below.
Related LL-MAP Resources:
A Historical Linguistic Hypothesis for Austronesian Expansion
Austronesian Migration (Cribb)
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
Southeast Asia: Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis (HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium)
Proposed Migrations based on Genetic Analysis
Source:
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science 326: 1541-1545.
Date Digitized: 7 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map shows probable migration routes for several east Asian population groups as determined by genetic analysis. In addition to determining that genetic ancestry and linguistic affiliations were closely correlated, the HUGO Pan-Asian Consortium discovered that, "more than 90% of East Asian haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian or Central-South Asian populations [...] with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north," (The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium 2009). This suggests that southeastern Asia has a higher degree of genetic diversity than the northeast. This in turn provides evidence toward the conclusion that modern East Asian populations are at least in part descended from groups that lived in this southern area.
Furthermore, these results suggest that the two-wave hypothesis for the settlement of southeast Asia and the Pacific is not accurate. Although they state that further studies should be undertaken for verification, their current findings point toward a shared ancestry and a migration history that, "unites the Negrito and non-Negrito populations of Southeast and East Asia via a single primary wave of entry of humans into the continent," (The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium 2009: 1545).
Date Digitized: 7 April 2011.
Map Description:
This map shows probable migration routes for several east Asian population groups as determined by genetic analysis. In addition to determining that genetic ancestry and linguistic affiliations were closely correlated, the HUGO Pan-Asian Consortium discovered that, "more than 90% of East Asian haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian or Central-South Asian populations [...] with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north," (The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium 2009). This suggests that southeastern Asia has a higher degree of genetic diversity than the northeast. This in turn provides evidence toward the conclusion that modern East Asian populations are at least in part descended from groups that lived in this southern area.
Furthermore, these results suggest that the two-wave hypothesis for the settlement of southeast Asia and the Pacific is not accurate. Although they state that further studies should be undertaken for verification, their current findings point toward a shared ancestry and a migration history that, "unites the Negrito and non-Negrito populations of Southeast and East Asia via a single primary wave of entry of humans into the continent," (The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium 2009: 1545).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
The Express Train to Polynesia Model (Gray and Jordan)
The Express Train to Polynesia Model
Source: Gray, Russell D. and Fiona M. Jordan. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405. 1052-1055.
Date Digitized: 21 April 2011
Map Description:
This map is a graphical representation of the "Express Train" model of Austronesian migration, a popular hypothesis based on archaeological and linguistic research. In their article, Gray and Jordan (2000) explain how they made use of a tree model, most commonly used in biology, to first create a language family tree. Then, using statistical analysis, they analyzed the likelihood of their proposed sequence of events (in this case, the migration patterns) occurring. Each of the circles on this map represents one of the stations compared against the language family tree. They found that the hypothesized routes fit the language tree exceptionally well, and the statistical analysis showed that, "that the express-train character-state tree fits the language tree with significantly fewer steps than would occur by chance," (Gray and Jordan 2000: 1053).
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered
for compatibility with our project interface. Slight
imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration
process.
View original image(s)to see the unaltered
map(s).
The Philippines: The Numerically Most Important Languages
The Philippines: The Numerically Most Important Languages
Source:
Data Source: Irvine, A. K and David Appleyard. 2007. "Australasia and the South Pacific". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Austronesian: Composite 2011". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: 10-May-2011
Map Description:
This map shows the 'Major Indigenous Languages' of the Philippines at the time of contact, as determined by number of speakers. All the languages included have more than 1 million speakers, and are considered 'Lingua Franca's' in the different regions of the country. The Philippines linguistic make up includes approximately 150 different languages (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This map is part of a mapping project detailing the languages of the Australian and Austronesian language families. (Information forthcoming). The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Data Source: Irvine, A. K and David Appleyard. 2007. "Australasia and the South Pacific". In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
"Austronesian: Composite 2011". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
Date Digitized: 10-May-2011
Map Description:
This map shows the 'Major Indigenous Languages' of the Philippines at the time of contact, as determined by number of speakers. All the languages included have more than 1 million speakers, and are considered 'Lingua Franca's' in the different regions of the country. The Philippines linguistic make up includes approximately 150 different languages (Irvine and Appleyard 2007).
This original map was made by vectorizing data from the MultiTree language database and the Atlas of the World's Languages.
Other resources related to this project:
This map is part of a mapping project detailing the languages of the Australian and Austronesian language families. (Information forthcoming). The maps may be overlaid on each other for a more complete picture.
Note: Scanned or downloaded images have been geo-registered for compatibility with our project interface. Slight imperfections are an inevitable result of the registration process.